Unification of Italy - Freemasonry in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections
Time: 1810s
Place: Italy
Details: After 1815, Freemasonry in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections. A void was left that the Carboneria filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to Italian nationalism and no association with Napoleon and his government. The response came from middle-class professionals and businessmen and some intellectuals.
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