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  • Holy Roman Empire
    Monday Apr 15, 1191
    Holy Roman Empire

    Henry VI

    Holy Roman Empire
    Monday Apr 15, 1191

    Under the son and successor of Frederick Barbarossa, Henry VI, the Hohenstaufen dynasty reached its apex. Henry added the Norman kingdom of Sicily to his domains, held English king Richard the Lionheart captive, and aimed to establish a hereditary monarchy when he died in 1197.




  • Acre
    Tuesday Aug 20, 1191
    Crusades

    Massacre at Ayyadieh

    Acre
    Tuesday Aug 20, 1191

    On 20 August 1191, Richard had more than 2,000 prisoners beheaded at the so-called massacre of Ayyadieh. Saladin subsequently ordered the execution of his Christian prisoners in retaliation.




  • Acre
    Saturday Aug 31, 1191
    Crusades

    Departure of Philip II

    Acre
    Saturday Aug 31, 1191

    Richard remained in sole command of the Crusader force after the departure of Philip II on 31 July 1191.




  • Arsuf
    Saturday Sep 7, 1191
    Crusades

    Battle of Arsuf

    Arsuf
    Saturday Sep 7, 1191

    Richard moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the Battle of Arsuf on 7 September 1191.




  • Holy Lands
    Thursday Dec 12, 1191
    Crusades

    Saladin disbanded the greater part of his army

    Holy Lands
    Thursday Dec 12, 1191

    On 12 December 1191 Saladin disbanded the greater part of his army. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. The Crusaders made another advance on Jerusalem, coming within sight of the city in June before being forced to retreat again. Hugh III of Burgundy, leader of the Franks, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast.




  • Egypt
    1191 BC
    Ancient Egypt

    Twosret

    Egypt
    1191 BC

    Siptah died early and the throne was assumed by Twosret, who was the royal wife of his father and, possibly, his uncle Amenmesse's sister.




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