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  • Netherlands
    1815
    Chocolate

    Using Alkaline Salts

    Netherlands
    1815

    New processes that speed the production of chocolate emerged early in the Industrial Revolution. In 1815, Dutch chemist Coenraad van Houten introduced alkaline salts to chocolate, which reduced its bitterness.




  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    Jan, 1815
    Library of Congress

    An Offer

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    Jan, 1815

    Within a month, Thomas Jefferson offered to sell his personal library as a replacement. Congress accepted his offer in January 1815, appropriating $23,950 to purchase his 6,487 books.




  • New York, U.S.
    1815
    Robert Fulton

    Death

    New York, U.S.
    1815

    Fulton died in 1815 in New York City from tuberculosis (then known as "consumption").




  • France
    Tuesday Feb 28, 1815
    Napoleon

    Napoleon escaped to France

    France
    Tuesday Feb 28, 1815

    Napoleon escaped from Elba, in the brig Inconstant on 26 February 1815 with 700 men. Two days later, he landed on the French mainland at Golfe-Juan and started heading north.




  • New York, U.S.
    1815
    Sojourner Truth

    Truth fell in love

    New York, U.S.
    1815

    Around 1815, Truth met and fell in love with an enslaved man named Robert from a neighboring farm. Robert's owner (Charles Catton, Jr., a landscape painter) forbade their relationship; he did not want the people he enslaved to have children with people he was not enslaving, because he would not own the children. One day Robert sneaked over to see Truth. When Catton and his son found him, they savagely beat Robert until Dumont finally intervened. Truth never saw Robert again after that day and he died a few years later.




  • Grenoble, France
    Tuesday Mar 7, 1815
    Napoleon

    Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish

    Grenoble, France
    Tuesday Mar 7, 1815

    The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept Napoleon and made contact just south of Grenoble on 7 March 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish". The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!". Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support.




  • Germany
    1815
    Holy Roman Empire

    The German Confederation

    Germany
    1815

    The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the German Confederation, in 1815, following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The German Confederation was an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe (adding the mainly non-German speaking Kingdom of Bohemia and Duchy of Carniola), created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806. The German Confederation excluded German-speaking lands in the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Prussia (East Prussia, West Prussia and Posen), the German cantons of Switzerland, and the French region of Alsace, which was predominantly German speaking.


  • Jamaica
    1815
    Simón Bolívar

    Bolívar fled to Jamaica

    Jamaica
    1815

    In 1815, however, after a number of political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled to Jamaica, where he was denied support. After an assassination attempt in Jamaica, he fled to Haiti, where he was granted protection. He befriended Alexandre Pétion, the president of the recently independent southern republic (as opposed to the Kingdom of Haiti in the north), and petitioned him for aid.


  • Vienna, Austria
    Monday Mar 13, 1815
    Napoleon

    Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw

    Vienna, Austria
    Monday Mar 13, 1815

    On 13 March, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.


  • Paris, France
    Monday Mar 20, 1815
    Napoleon

    Hundred Days

    Paris, France
    Monday Mar 20, 1815

    Napoleon arrived in Paris on 20 March and governed for a period now called the Hundred Days.


  • (Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Dutch East Indies), Indonesia
    Monday Apr 10, 1815
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    1815 Eruption of Mount Tambora

    (Sumbawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Dutch East Indies), Indonesia
    Monday Apr 10, 1815

    The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the most powerful in human recorded history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. Although its eruption reached a violent climax on 10 April 1815, increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions occurred during the next six months to three years. Tanguy pointed out that there may have been additional victims on Bali and East Java because of famine and disease. Their estimate was 11,000 Oppenheimer wrote that there were at least 71,000 deaths in total. Reid has estimated that 100,000 people on Sumbawa, Bali, and other locations died from the direct and indirect effects of the eruption.


  • Vienna, Austria
    Jun, 1815
    Unification of Italy

    The Congress of Vienna restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments

    Vienna, Austria
    Jun, 1815

    After Napoleon fell, the Congress of Vienna restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments. Italy was again controlled largely by the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs, as they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of Italy and were, together, the most powerful force against unification.


  • Waterloo (Present Day Waterloo, Belgium)
    Sunday Jun 18, 1815
    Napoleon

    Battle of Waterloo

    Waterloo (Present Day Waterloo, Belgium)
    Sunday Jun 18, 1815

    Napoleon's forces fought two Coalition armies, commanded by the British Duke of Wellington and the Prussian Prince Blücher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank.


  • Paris, France
    Thursday Jun 22, 1815
    Napoleon

    Napoleon abdicated on 22 June in favor of his son

    Paris, France
    Thursday Jun 22, 1815

    Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favor of his son.


  • Paris, France
    Thursday Jun 29, 1815
    Napoleon

    Coalition forces swept through Paris

    Paris, France
    Thursday Jun 29, 1815

    Napoleon left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon traveled to Paris, the Coalition forces swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent of restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.


  • Rochefort, France
    Saturday Jul 15, 1815
    Napoleon

    Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland

    Rochefort, France
    Saturday Jul 15, 1815

    Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, considering an escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on HMS Bellerophon on 15 July 1815.


  • Longwood House, Saint Helena
    Dec, 1815
    Napoleon

    Napoleon was moved to Longwood House

    Longwood House, Saint Helena
    Dec, 1815

    The British kept Napoleon on the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km (1,162 mi) from the west coast of Africa. They also took the precaution of sending a garrison of soldiers to uninhabited Ascension Island, which lay between St. Helena and Europe. Napoleon was moved to Longwood House on Saint Helena in December 1815; it had fallen into disrepair, and the location was damp, windswept and unhealthy.


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