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  • Tibet, China
    Jan, 1913
    Xinhai Revolution

    The 13th Dalai Lama Returned To Tibet

    Tibet, China
    Jan, 1913

    Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, returned to Tibet in January 1913 from Sikkim, where he had been residing. When the new ROC government apologised for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama to his former position, he replied that he was not interested in Chinese ranks, that Tibet had never been subordinated to China, that Tibet was an independent country, and that he was assuming the spiritual and political leadership of Tibet. Because of this, many have read this reply as a formal declaration of independence. The Chinese side ignored the response, and Tibet had thirty years free of interference from China.




  • Warsaw, Poland
    1913
    Marie Curie

    She visited Poland

    Warsaw, Poland
    1913

    She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.




  • Ireland
    1913
    Irish War of Independence

    The Irish Citizen Army was founded

    Ireland
    1913

    Also in 1913, the Irish Citizen Army was founded by the trade unionists and socialists James Larkin and James Connolly following a series of violent incidents between trade unionists and the Dublin police in the Dublin lock-out.




  • England
    1913
    John Maynard Keynes

    First book

    England
    1913

    By 1913 he had published his first book, Indian Currency and Finance.




  • New York, U.S.
    1913
    Incandescent light bulb

    Irving Langmuir's Researches

    New York, U.S.
    1913

    In 1913, Irving Langmuir found that filling a lamp with inert gas instead of a vacuum resulted in twice the luminous efficacy and reduction of bulb blackening.




  • Mexico City, Mexico
    1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Mexican conservatives Who Had Supported Huerta Sought a Constitutionally Elected Civilian Alternative To Huerta

    Mexico City, Mexico
    1913

    In the summer of 1913, Mexican conservatives who had supported Huerta sought a constitutionally elected civilian alternative to Huerta, brought together in body called National Unifying Junta. Political parties proliferated in this period, so that by the time of the October congressional elections there were 26.




  • Leipzig, Germany
    Thursday Jan 2, 1913
    Libraries

    German National Library

    Leipzig, Germany
    Thursday Jan 2, 1913

    In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the Kingdom of Saxony and the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler (Association of German booksellers) agreed to found a German National Library in Leipzig. Starting 1 January 1913, all publications in German were systematically collected (including books from Austria and Switzerland).


  • Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
    Thursday Jan 9, 1913
    Richard Nixon

    Birth

    Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
    Thursday Jan 9, 1913

    Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, in a house that was built by his father.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1913
    Marcus Garvey

    Messenger for the African Times and Orient Review

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1913

    In early 1913, Marcus was employed as a messenger and handyman for the African Times and Orient Review, a magazine based in Fleet Street that was edited by Dusé Mohamed Ali.


  • Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
    Feb, 1913
    Joseph Stalin

    Arrested

    Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
    Feb, 1913

    In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult.


  • Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.
    Tuesday Feb 4, 1913
    Rosa Parks

    Born

    Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.
    Tuesday Feb 4, 1913

    Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter.


  • Brazil, Indiana, U.S.
    Friday Feb 14, 1913
    Jimmy Hoffa

    Birth

    Brazil, Indiana, U.S.
    Friday Feb 14, 1913

    Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913, to John and Viola (née Riddle) Hoffa.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Wednesday Feb 19, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Huerta's presidency

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Wednesday Feb 19, 1913

    Huerta's presidency is usually characterized as a dictatorship. From the point of view of revolutionaries at the time and the construction of historical memory of the Revolution, it is without any positive aspects. "Despite recent attempts to portray Victoriano Huerta as a reformer, there is little question that he was a self-serving dictator." There are few biographies of Huerta, but one strongly asserts that Huerta should not be labeled simply as a counter-revolutionary, arguing that his regime consisted of two distinct periods: from the coup in February 1913 up to October 1913, during which time he attempted to legitimize his regime and demonstrate its legality by pursuing reformist policies.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    1913
    Father's Day

    A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday (father's day) was introduced in Congress

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    1913

    A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913.


  • Shanghai, China
    Thursday Mar 20, 1913
    Xinhai Revolution

    Song was Assassinated

    Shanghai, China
    Thursday Mar 20, 1913

    Song was assassinated in Shanghai on 20 March 1913, under the secret order of Yuan Shikai.


  • Zagreb, Croatia
    May, 1913
    Josip Broz Tito

    The Austro-Hungarian Army

    Zagreb, Croatia
    May, 1913

    In May 1913, Broz was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army, for his compulsory two years of service. He successfully requested that he serve with the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment garrisoned in Zagreb.


  • Paris, France
    Thursday May 29, 1913
    Igor Stravinsky

    Stravinsky Contracted Typhoid

    Paris, France
    Thursday May 29, 1913

    Shortly following the premiere of The Rite of Spring on 29 May 1913, Stravinsky contracted typhoid from eating bad oysters, and was confined to a Paris nursing home, unable to depart for Ustilug until 11 July.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Jun, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Molina Enríquez Disavowed The Regime

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Jun, 1913

    When Huerta refused to move faster on land reform, Molina Enríquez disavowed the regime in June 1913, later going on to advise the 1917 constitutional convention on land reform.


  • Berlin, Germany
    Thursday Jul 24, 1913
    Albert Einstein

    Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin

    Berlin, Germany
    Thursday Jul 24, 1913

    On 3 July 1913, he was voted for membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Max Planck and Walther Nernst visited him the next week in Zurich to persuade him to join the academy, additionally offering him the post of director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon to be established. He was officially elected to the academy on 24 July.


  • Iraq-Iran
    Jul, 1913
    Iran–Iraq War

    The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of Constantinople

    Iraq-Iran
    Jul, 1913

    The most important dispute was over the Shatt al-Arab waterway. Iran repudiated the demarcation line established in the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of Constantinople of November 1913. Iran asked the border to run along the thalweg, the deepest point of the navigable channel.


  • Uinted Kingdom
    1913
    X-ray

    Moseley's law

    Uinted Kingdom
    1913

    In 1913, Henry Moseley performed crystallography experiments with X-rays emanating from various metals and formulated Moseley's law which relates the frequency of the X-rays to the atomic number of the metal.


  • U.S.
    1913
    X-ray

    The Coolidge X-ray

    U.S.
    1913

    The Coolidge X-ray tube was invented by William D. Coolidge. It made possible the continuous emissions of X-rays. Modern X-ray tubes are based on this design, often employing the use of rotating targets which allow for significantly higher heat dissipation than static targets, further allowing higher quantity X-ray output for use in high powered applications such as rotational CT scanners.


  • Germany
    1913
    Albrecht Kossel

    Luise's Death

    Germany
    1913

    In 1913, Luise Kossel died of acute pancreatitis.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Huerta began Murdering Political Opponents

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913

    After October 1913, Huerta dropped all attempts to rule within a legal framework and began murdering political opponents while battling revolutionary forces that had united in opposition to his regime.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    The October 1913 Elections

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913

    The October 1913 elections were the end of any pretension to constitutional rule in Mexico, with civilian political activity banned. Prominent Catholics were arrested and Catholic newspapers were suppressed.


  • France
    Oct, 1913
    Charles de Gaulle

    De Gaulle was promoted to the first lieutenant

    France
    Oct, 1913

    De Gaulle was promoted to the first lieutenant in October 1913.


  • Ireland
    Tuesday Nov 25, 1913
    Irish War of Independence

    The Irish Volunteers were formed

    Ireland
    Tuesday Nov 25, 1913

    On 25 November 1913, the Irish Volunteers were formed by Eoin MacNeill in response to the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force that had been founded earlier in the year to fight against Home Rule.


  • Lausanne, Switzerland
    Saturday Nov 29, 1913
    Martial arts

    Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded

    Lausanne, Switzerland
    Saturday Nov 29, 1913

    European swordsmanship always had a sportive component, but the duel was always a possibility until World War I. Modern sport fencing began developing during the 19th century as the French and Italian military academies began codifying instruction. The Olympic games led to standard international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Dec, 1913
    Winston Churchill

    Churchill threatened to resign as First Lord of the Admiralty

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Dec, 1913

    Churchill pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff, an increase in the building of submarines, and a renewed focus on the Royal Naval Air Service, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes. He coined the term "seaplane" and ordered 100 to be constructed. Some Liberals objected to his levels of naval expenditure; in December 1913 he threatened to resign if his proposal for four new battleships in 1914–15 was rejected.


  • U.S. and Canada (Great Lakes region)
    1913
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    Great Lakes Storm of 1913

    U.S. and Canada (Great Lakes region)
    1913

    The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, historically referred to as the "Big Blow" the "Freshwater Fury," or the "White Hurricane," was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and Ontario, Canada from November 7 through November 10, 1913. The deadliest and most destructive natural disaster to hit the lakes in recorded history, the Great Lakes Storm killed more than 250 people, destroyed 19 ships, and stranded 19 others.


  • Tibet, China
    Jan, 1913
    Xinhai Revolution

    The 13th Dalai Lama Returned To Tibet

    Tibet, China
    Jan, 1913

    Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, returned to Tibet in January 1913 from Sikkim, where he had been residing. When the new ROC government apologised for the actions of the Qing and offered to restore the Dalai Lama to his former position, he replied that he was not interested in Chinese ranks, that Tibet had never been subordinated to China, that Tibet was an independent country, and that he was assuming the spiritual and political leadership of Tibet. Because of this, many have read this reply as a formal declaration of independence. The Chinese side ignored the response, and Tibet had thirty years free of interference from China.


  • Warsaw, Poland
    1913
    Marie Curie

    She visited Poland

    Warsaw, Poland
    1913

    She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.


  • Ireland
    1913
    Irish War of Independence

    The Irish Citizen Army was founded

    Ireland
    1913

    Also in 1913, the Irish Citizen Army was founded by the trade unionists and socialists James Larkin and James Connolly following a series of violent incidents between trade unionists and the Dublin police in the Dublin lock-out.


  • England
    1913
    John Maynard Keynes

    First book

    England
    1913

    By 1913 he had published his first book, Indian Currency and Finance.


  • New York, U.S.
    1913
    Incandescent light bulb

    Irving Langmuir's Researches

    New York, U.S.
    1913

    In 1913, Irving Langmuir found that filling a lamp with inert gas instead of a vacuum resulted in twice the luminous efficacy and reduction of bulb blackening.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Mexican conservatives Who Had Supported Huerta Sought a Constitutionally Elected Civilian Alternative To Huerta

    Mexico City, Mexico
    1913

    In the summer of 1913, Mexican conservatives who had supported Huerta sought a constitutionally elected civilian alternative to Huerta, brought together in body called National Unifying Junta. Political parties proliferated in this period, so that by the time of the October congressional elections there were 26.


  • Leipzig, Germany
    Thursday Jan 2, 1913
    Libraries

    German National Library

    Leipzig, Germany
    Thursday Jan 2, 1913

    In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the Kingdom of Saxony and the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler (Association of German booksellers) agreed to found a German National Library in Leipzig. Starting 1 January 1913, all publications in German were systematically collected (including books from Austria and Switzerland).


  • Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
    Thursday Jan 9, 1913
    Richard Nixon

    Birth

    Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
    Thursday Jan 9, 1913

    Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, in a house that was built by his father.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1913
    Marcus Garvey

    Messenger for the African Times and Orient Review

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1913

    In early 1913, Marcus was employed as a messenger and handyman for the African Times and Orient Review, a magazine based in Fleet Street that was edited by Dusé Mohamed Ali.


  • Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
    Feb, 1913
    Joseph Stalin

    Arrested

    Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
    Feb, 1913

    In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult.


  • Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.
    Tuesday Feb 4, 1913
    Rosa Parks

    Born

    Tuskegee, Alabama, U.S.
    Tuesday Feb 4, 1913

    Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter.


  • Brazil, Indiana, U.S.
    Friday Feb 14, 1913
    Jimmy Hoffa

    Birth

    Brazil, Indiana, U.S.
    Friday Feb 14, 1913

    Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913, to John and Viola (née Riddle) Hoffa.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Wednesday Feb 19, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Huerta's presidency

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Wednesday Feb 19, 1913

    Huerta's presidency is usually characterized as a dictatorship. From the point of view of revolutionaries at the time and the construction of historical memory of the Revolution, it is without any positive aspects. "Despite recent attempts to portray Victoriano Huerta as a reformer, there is little question that he was a self-serving dictator." There are few biographies of Huerta, but one strongly asserts that Huerta should not be labeled simply as a counter-revolutionary, arguing that his regime consisted of two distinct periods: from the coup in February 1913 up to October 1913, during which time he attempted to legitimize his regime and demonstrate its legality by pursuing reformist policies.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    1913
    Father's Day

    A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday (father's day) was introduced in Congress

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    1913

    A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913.


  • Shanghai, China
    Thursday Mar 20, 1913
    Xinhai Revolution

    Song was Assassinated

    Shanghai, China
    Thursday Mar 20, 1913

    Song was assassinated in Shanghai on 20 March 1913, under the secret order of Yuan Shikai.


  • Zagreb, Croatia
    May, 1913
    Josip Broz Tito

    The Austro-Hungarian Army

    Zagreb, Croatia
    May, 1913

    In May 1913, Broz was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army, for his compulsory two years of service. He successfully requested that he serve with the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment garrisoned in Zagreb.


  • Paris, France
    Thursday May 29, 1913
    Igor Stravinsky

    Stravinsky Contracted Typhoid

    Paris, France
    Thursday May 29, 1913

    Shortly following the premiere of The Rite of Spring on 29 May 1913, Stravinsky contracted typhoid from eating bad oysters, and was confined to a Paris nursing home, unable to depart for Ustilug until 11 July.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Jun, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Molina Enríquez Disavowed The Regime

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Jun, 1913

    When Huerta refused to move faster on land reform, Molina Enríquez disavowed the regime in June 1913, later going on to advise the 1917 constitutional convention on land reform.


  • Berlin, Germany
    Thursday Jul 24, 1913
    Albert Einstein

    Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin

    Berlin, Germany
    Thursday Jul 24, 1913

    On 3 July 1913, he was voted for membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Max Planck and Walther Nernst visited him the next week in Zurich to persuade him to join the academy, additionally offering him the post of director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon to be established. He was officially elected to the academy on 24 July.


  • Iraq-Iran
    Jul, 1913
    Iran–Iraq War

    The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of Constantinople

    Iraq-Iran
    Jul, 1913

    The most important dispute was over the Shatt al-Arab waterway. Iran repudiated the demarcation line established in the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of Constantinople of November 1913. Iran asked the border to run along the thalweg, the deepest point of the navigable channel.


  • Uinted Kingdom
    1913
    X-ray

    Moseley's law

    Uinted Kingdom
    1913

    In 1913, Henry Moseley performed crystallography experiments with X-rays emanating from various metals and formulated Moseley's law which relates the frequency of the X-rays to the atomic number of the metal.


  • U.S.
    1913
    X-ray

    The Coolidge X-ray

    U.S.
    1913

    The Coolidge X-ray tube was invented by William D. Coolidge. It made possible the continuous emissions of X-rays. Modern X-ray tubes are based on this design, often employing the use of rotating targets which allow for significantly higher heat dissipation than static targets, further allowing higher quantity X-ray output for use in high powered applications such as rotational CT scanners.


  • Germany
    1913
    Albrecht Kossel

    Luise's Death

    Germany
    1913

    In 1913, Luise Kossel died of acute pancreatitis.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    Huerta began Murdering Political Opponents

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913

    After October 1913, Huerta dropped all attempts to rule within a legal framework and began murdering political opponents while battling revolutionary forces that had united in opposition to his regime.


  • Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913
    Mexican Revolution

    The October 1913 Elections

    Mexico City, Mexico
    Oct, 1913

    The October 1913 elections were the end of any pretension to constitutional rule in Mexico, with civilian political activity banned. Prominent Catholics were arrested and Catholic newspapers were suppressed.


  • France
    Oct, 1913
    Charles de Gaulle

    De Gaulle was promoted to the first lieutenant

    France
    Oct, 1913

    De Gaulle was promoted to the first lieutenant in October 1913.


  • Ireland
    Tuesday Nov 25, 1913
    Irish War of Independence

    The Irish Volunteers were formed

    Ireland
    Tuesday Nov 25, 1913

    On 25 November 1913, the Irish Volunteers were formed by Eoin MacNeill in response to the paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force that had been founded earlier in the year to fight against Home Rule.


  • Lausanne, Switzerland
    Saturday Nov 29, 1913
    Martial arts

    Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded

    Lausanne, Switzerland
    Saturday Nov 29, 1913

    European swordsmanship always had a sportive component, but the duel was always a possibility until World War I. Modern sport fencing began developing during the 19th century as the French and Italian military academies began codifying instruction. The Olympic games led to standard international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Dec, 1913
    Winston Churchill

    Churchill threatened to resign as First Lord of the Admiralty

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Dec, 1913

    Churchill pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff, an increase in the building of submarines, and a renewed focus on the Royal Naval Air Service, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes. He coined the term "seaplane" and ordered 100 to be constructed. Some Liberals objected to his levels of naval expenditure; in December 1913 he threatened to resign if his proposal for four new battleships in 1914–15 was rejected.


  • U.S. and Canada (Great Lakes region)
    1913
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    Great Lakes Storm of 1913

    U.S. and Canada (Great Lakes region)
    1913

    The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, historically referred to as the "Big Blow" the "Freshwater Fury," or the "White Hurricane," was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and Ontario, Canada from November 7 through November 10, 1913. The deadliest and most destructive natural disaster to hit the lakes in recorded history, the Great Lakes Storm killed more than 250 people, destroyed 19 ships, and stranded 19 others.


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