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  • U.S.
    1991
    Cameras

    Kodak DCS

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, Kodak brought to market the Kodak DCS (Kodak Digital Camera System), the beginning of a long line of professional Kodak DCS SLR cameras that were based in part on film bodies, often Nikons. It used a 1.3-megapixel sensor, had a bulky external digital storage system, and was priced at $13,000 (equivalent to $24,000 in 2019). At the arrival of the Kodak DCS-200, the Kodak DCS was dubbed Kodak DCS-100.




  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    1991
    World Bank

    The bank announced that to protect against deforestation

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    1991

    It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop ozone-depletion damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991 the bank announced that to protect against deforestation, especially in the Amazon, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.




  • U.S.
    1991
    Virtual reality

    The Cave automatic virtual environment

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, Carolina Cruz-Neira, Daniel J. Sandin, and Thomas A. DeFanti from the Electronic Visualization Laboratory created the first cubic immersive room, The Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE). Developed as Cruz-Neira's Ph.D. thesis, it involved a multi-projected environment, similar to the holodeck, allowing people to see their own bodies in relation to others in the room. Antonio Medina, an MIT graduate, and NASA scientist designed a virtual reality system to "drive" Mars rovers from Earth in apparent real time despite the substantial delay of Mars-Earth-Mars signals.




  • U.S.
    1991
    Computer animation

    Breakout Year

    U.S.
    1991

    The 1990s began with much of CGI technology now sufficiently developed to allow a major expansion into film and TV production. 1991 is widely considered the "breakout year", with two major box-office successes, both making heavy use of CGI.




  • SeaTac, Washington, U.S.
    1991
    Cinnabon

    The First Cinnabon Store In SeaTac Mall

    SeaTac, Washington, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, the first Cinnabon store in SeaTac mall was opened.




  • U.S.
    1991
    Internet

    NSFNET was upgraded to 45 Mbit/s

    U.S.
    1991

    NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit/s in 1991, and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet service providers.




  • U.S.
    Mar, 1991
    Audrey Hepburn

    Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn

    U.S.
    Mar, 1991

    Hepburn completed only two more entertainment-related projects, both critically acclaimed. Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn was a PBS documentary series, which was filmed on location in seven countries in the spring and summer of 1990. A one-hour special preceded it in March 1991, and the series itself began airing the day after her death, 21 January 1993. For the debut episode, Hepburn was posthumously awarded the 1993 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Bart Millard

    Millard's father death

    U.S.
    1991

    In high school, Millard wanted to become a football player, a dream which ended when he injured both ankles at a high school football game. As a result, Millard took choir as an elective. Millard's father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr., died in 1991, during Bart's first year of college, and his youth pastor invited him to work with the church's youth group worship band. Millard accepted and worked with the video and audio systems for the group.


  • U.S.
    Apr, 1991
    Popeyes

    Company filed for bankruptcy protection

    U.S.
    Apr, 1991

    By 1990, Copeland Enterprises was in default on $391 million in debts it had taken on in its 1989 purchase of Church's "Church's Chicken", and in April 1991, the company filed for bankruptcy protection.


  • U.S.
    Monday May 13, 1991
    Apple Inc.

    System 7

    U.S.
    Monday May 13, 1991

    System 7 is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer, Inc.


  • U.S.
    Thursday May 30, 1991
    Michael Jordan

    Bulls in the first Place

    U.S.
    Thursday May 30, 1991

    In the 1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season. The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.


  • Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
    1991
    Joe Biden

    Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law

    Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
    1991

    From 1991 to 2008, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law. The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Linux

    Linus Torvalds statment

    U.S.
    1991

    Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own. Although not released until 1992, due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    Thursday Aug 1, 1991
    World Bank

    Lewis Thompson Preston was President of the World Bank

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    Thursday Aug 1, 1991

    Lewis Thompson Preston was President of the World Bank from September 1991 until his death in May 1995.


  • Worldwide
    1991
    KFC

    The Official Name

    Worldwide
    1991

    In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism but was officially called Kentucky Fried Chicken. Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of "fried".


  • California, United States
    1991
    Angelina Jolie

    Graduation

    California, United States
    1991

    At age 16, after the relationship with her punk boyfriend had ended, Jolie graduated from high school and rented her own apartment before returning to theater studies, though in 2004 she referred to this period with the observation, "I am still at heart—and always will be—just a punk kid with tattoos."


  • Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
    1991
    IBM

    Lexmark

    Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991 IBM spun out its printer manufacturing into a new business called Lexmark, a privately held American company that manufactures laser printers and imaging products. The company is headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky.


  • Los Angeles, California, United States
    1991
    Angelina Jolie

    The First Breakup

    Los Angeles, California, United States
    1991

    Jolie has compared the relationship to a marriage in its emotional intensity, however, she broke up with him at the age of 16, and said that the breakup compelled her to dedicate herself to her acting career.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Dollar Tree

    Expansion of dollar stores after selling K&K stores to KB Toys

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, the corporation made a decision to focus exclusively on the expansion of dollar stores after selling K&K stores to KB Toys, owned by Melville Corporation.


  • U.S.
    Saturday Oct 12, 1991
    Steven Spielberg

    2nd Marriage

    U.S.
    Saturday Oct 12, 1991

    Spielberg subsequently developed a relationship with actress Kate Capshaw, whom he met when he cast her in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They married on October 12, 1991.


  • Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
    1991
    Bank of America

    NationsBank

    Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, North Carolina National Bank merged with C&S/Sovran Corporation of Atlanta and Norfolk to form NationsBank.


  • Killeen, Texas, U.S.
    Wednesday Oct 16, 1991
    Mass Shootings in the United States

    Luby's Shooting

    Killeen, Texas, U.S.
    Wednesday Oct 16, 1991

    The Luby's shooting, also known as the Luby's massacre, was a mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991, at a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his pickup truck through the front window of the restaurant. He quickly shot and killed 23 people, and wounded 27 others. He had a brief shootout with police, refused their orders to surrender, and fatally shot himself.


  • California, United States
    1991
    River Phoenix

    Phoenix filmed an acclaimed independent picture

    California, United States
    1991

    In 1991, Phoenix filmed an acclaimed independent picture called Dogfight co-starring Lili Taylor and directed by Nancy Savoca.


  • California, United States
    1991
    River Phoenix

    River Phoenix won Volpi Cup

    California, United States
    1991

    River Phoenix won Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 1991 Venice Film Festival.


  • California, United States
    1991
    River Phoenix

    Phoenix received Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead and National Society

    California, United States
    1991

    In addition, 21-year-old Phoenix received Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead and the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor, becoming the second-youngest winner of the former.


  • U.S.
    Monday Oct 21, 1991
    Apple Inc.

    First three PowerBooks

    U.S.
    Monday Oct 21, 1991

    In October 1991 Apple released the first three PowerBooks: the low-end PowerBook 100, the more powerful PowerBook 140, and the high end PowerBook 170, the only one with an active matrix display.


  • Los Angeles, California, U.S.
    1991
    James Bond

    James Bond Jr

    Los Angeles, California, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991 a kids' spin-off TV cartoon series, James Bond Jr., was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Diving horse

    Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken

    U.S.
    1991

    A film based on her life, Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken, was released in 1991.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Virtual reality

    The first "immersive" VR experience

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991 Virtuality launched and went on to become the first mass-produced, networked, multiplayer VR entertainment system that was released in many countries, including a dedicated VR arcade at Embarcadero Center. Costing up to $73,000 per multi-pod Virtuality system, they featured headsets and exoskeleton gloves that gave one of the first "immersive" VR experiences.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Chernobyl disaster

    The Chernobyl Trust Fund was created

    U.S.
    1991

    The Chernobyl Trust Fund was created in 1991 by the United Nations to help victims of the Chernobyl accident. It is administered by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, which also manages strategy formulation, resources mobilization, and advocacy efforts.


  • Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.
    1991
    Dwayne Johnson

    Football Career

    Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.
    1991

    Johnson was a promising football prospect and received offers from many Division I collegiate programs. He decided on a full scholarship from the University of Miami where he mostly played defensive tackle. In 1991, he was on the Miami Hurricanes' national championship team. After suffering a number of injuries, he was later replaced in the starting lineup by future Pro Football Hall of Famer Warren Sapp.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Joe Biden

    Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War

    U.S.
    1991

    Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991, siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Joe Biden

    Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars

    U.S.
    1991

    Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    Wednesday Dec 25, 1991
    Dissolution of the Soviet Union

    President of the U.S. televised speech recognizing the independence of the 11 remaining republics

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    Wednesday Dec 25, 1991

    The President of the United States George H.W. Bush held a brief televised speech officially recognizing the independence of the 11 remaining republics.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Cameras

    Kodak DCS

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, Kodak brought to market the Kodak DCS (Kodak Digital Camera System), the beginning of a long line of professional Kodak DCS SLR cameras that were based in part on film bodies, often Nikons. It used a 1.3-megapixel sensor, had a bulky external digital storage system, and was priced at $13,000 (equivalent to $24,000 in 2019). At the arrival of the Kodak DCS-200, the Kodak DCS was dubbed Kodak DCS-100.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    1991
    World Bank

    The bank announced that to protect against deforestation

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    1991

    It also formed an implementing agency, in accordance with the Montreal Protocols, to stop ozone-depletion damage to the Earth's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95% of ozone-depleting chemicals, with a target date of 2015. Since then, in accordance with its so-called "Six Strategic Themes", the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development. For example, in 1991 the bank announced that to protect against deforestation, especially in the Amazon, it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Virtual reality

    The Cave automatic virtual environment

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, Carolina Cruz-Neira, Daniel J. Sandin, and Thomas A. DeFanti from the Electronic Visualization Laboratory created the first cubic immersive room, The Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE). Developed as Cruz-Neira's Ph.D. thesis, it involved a multi-projected environment, similar to the holodeck, allowing people to see their own bodies in relation to others in the room. Antonio Medina, an MIT graduate, and NASA scientist designed a virtual reality system to "drive" Mars rovers from Earth in apparent real time despite the substantial delay of Mars-Earth-Mars signals.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Computer animation

    Breakout Year

    U.S.
    1991

    The 1990s began with much of CGI technology now sufficiently developed to allow a major expansion into film and TV production. 1991 is widely considered the "breakout year", with two major box-office successes, both making heavy use of CGI.


  • SeaTac, Washington, U.S.
    1991
    Cinnabon

    The First Cinnabon Store In SeaTac Mall

    SeaTac, Washington, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, the first Cinnabon store in SeaTac mall was opened.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Internet

    NSFNET was upgraded to 45 Mbit/s

    U.S.
    1991

    NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit/s in 1991, and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet service providers.


  • U.S.
    Mar, 1991
    Audrey Hepburn

    Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn

    U.S.
    Mar, 1991

    Hepburn completed only two more entertainment-related projects, both critically acclaimed. Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn was a PBS documentary series, which was filmed on location in seven countries in the spring and summer of 1990. A one-hour special preceded it in March 1991, and the series itself began airing the day after her death, 21 January 1993. For the debut episode, Hepburn was posthumously awarded the 1993 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Bart Millard

    Millard's father death

    U.S.
    1991

    In high school, Millard wanted to become a football player, a dream which ended when he injured both ankles at a high school football game. As a result, Millard took choir as an elective. Millard's father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr., died in 1991, during Bart's first year of college, and his youth pastor invited him to work with the church's youth group worship band. Millard accepted and worked with the video and audio systems for the group.


  • U.S.
    Apr, 1991
    Popeyes

    Company filed for bankruptcy protection

    U.S.
    Apr, 1991

    By 1990, Copeland Enterprises was in default on $391 million in debts it had taken on in its 1989 purchase of Church's "Church's Chicken", and in April 1991, the company filed for bankruptcy protection.


  • U.S.
    Monday May 13, 1991
    Apple Inc.

    System 7

    U.S.
    Monday May 13, 1991

    System 7 is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer, Inc.


  • U.S.
    Thursday May 30, 1991
    Michael Jordan

    Bulls in the first Place

    U.S.
    Thursday May 30, 1991

    In the 1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season. The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.


  • Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
    1991
    Joe Biden

    Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law

    Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
    1991

    From 1991 to 2008, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law. The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Linux

    Linus Torvalds statment

    U.S.
    1991

    Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own. Although not released until 1992, due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    Thursday Aug 1, 1991
    World Bank

    Lewis Thompson Preston was President of the World Bank

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    Thursday Aug 1, 1991

    Lewis Thompson Preston was President of the World Bank from September 1991 until his death in May 1995.


  • Worldwide
    1991
    KFC

    The Official Name

    Worldwide
    1991

    In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism but was officially called Kentucky Fried Chicken. Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of "fried".


  • California, United States
    1991
    Angelina Jolie

    Graduation

    California, United States
    1991

    At age 16, after the relationship with her punk boyfriend had ended, Jolie graduated from high school and rented her own apartment before returning to theater studies, though in 2004 she referred to this period with the observation, "I am still at heart—and always will be—just a punk kid with tattoos."


  • Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
    1991
    IBM

    Lexmark

    Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991 IBM spun out its printer manufacturing into a new business called Lexmark, a privately held American company that manufactures laser printers and imaging products. The company is headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky.


  • Los Angeles, California, United States
    1991
    Angelina Jolie

    The First Breakup

    Los Angeles, California, United States
    1991

    Jolie has compared the relationship to a marriage in its emotional intensity, however, she broke up with him at the age of 16, and said that the breakup compelled her to dedicate herself to her acting career.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Dollar Tree

    Expansion of dollar stores after selling K&K stores to KB Toys

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, the corporation made a decision to focus exclusively on the expansion of dollar stores after selling K&K stores to KB Toys, owned by Melville Corporation.


  • U.S.
    Saturday Oct 12, 1991
    Steven Spielberg

    2nd Marriage

    U.S.
    Saturday Oct 12, 1991

    Spielberg subsequently developed a relationship with actress Kate Capshaw, whom he met when he cast her in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They married on October 12, 1991.


  • Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
    1991
    Bank of America

    NationsBank

    Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991, North Carolina National Bank merged with C&S/Sovran Corporation of Atlanta and Norfolk to form NationsBank.


  • Killeen, Texas, U.S.
    Wednesday Oct 16, 1991
    Mass Shootings in the United States

    Luby's Shooting

    Killeen, Texas, U.S.
    Wednesday Oct 16, 1991

    The Luby's shooting, also known as the Luby's massacre, was a mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991, at a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his pickup truck through the front window of the restaurant. He quickly shot and killed 23 people, and wounded 27 others. He had a brief shootout with police, refused their orders to surrender, and fatally shot himself.


  • California, United States
    1991
    River Phoenix

    Phoenix filmed an acclaimed independent picture

    California, United States
    1991

    In 1991, Phoenix filmed an acclaimed independent picture called Dogfight co-starring Lili Taylor and directed by Nancy Savoca.


  • California, United States
    1991
    River Phoenix

    River Phoenix won Volpi Cup

    California, United States
    1991

    River Phoenix won Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 1991 Venice Film Festival.


  • California, United States
    1991
    River Phoenix

    Phoenix received Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead and National Society

    California, United States
    1991

    In addition, 21-year-old Phoenix received Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead and the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor, becoming the second-youngest winner of the former.


  • U.S.
    Monday Oct 21, 1991
    Apple Inc.

    First three PowerBooks

    U.S.
    Monday Oct 21, 1991

    In October 1991 Apple released the first three PowerBooks: the low-end PowerBook 100, the more powerful PowerBook 140, and the high end PowerBook 170, the only one with an active matrix display.


  • Los Angeles, California, U.S.
    1991
    James Bond

    James Bond Jr

    Los Angeles, California, U.S.
    1991

    In 1991 a kids' spin-off TV cartoon series, James Bond Jr., was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Diving horse

    Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken

    U.S.
    1991

    A film based on her life, Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken, was released in 1991.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Virtual reality

    The first "immersive" VR experience

    U.S.
    1991

    In 1991 Virtuality launched and went on to become the first mass-produced, networked, multiplayer VR entertainment system that was released in many countries, including a dedicated VR arcade at Embarcadero Center. Costing up to $73,000 per multi-pod Virtuality system, they featured headsets and exoskeleton gloves that gave one of the first "immersive" VR experiences.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Chernobyl disaster

    The Chernobyl Trust Fund was created

    U.S.
    1991

    The Chernobyl Trust Fund was created in 1991 by the United Nations to help victims of the Chernobyl accident. It is administered by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, which also manages strategy formulation, resources mobilization, and advocacy efforts.


  • Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.
    1991
    Dwayne Johnson

    Football Career

    Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.
    1991

    Johnson was a promising football prospect and received offers from many Division I collegiate programs. He decided on a full scholarship from the University of Miami where he mostly played defensive tackle. In 1991, he was on the Miami Hurricanes' national championship team. After suffering a number of injuries, he was later replaced in the starting lineup by future Pro Football Hall of Famer Warren Sapp.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Joe Biden

    Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War

    U.S.
    1991

    Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991, siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.


  • U.S.
    1991
    Joe Biden

    Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars

    U.S.
    1991

    Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.


  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    Wednesday Dec 25, 1991
    Dissolution of the Soviet Union

    President of the U.S. televised speech recognizing the independence of the 11 remaining republics

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    Wednesday Dec 25, 1991

    The President of the United States George H.W. Bush held a brief televised speech officially recognizing the independence of the 11 remaining republics.


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