On 10 January, Caesar with his veteran army crossed the river Rubicon, the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army.
Senatus consultum ultimum was vested Pompey with dictatorial powers
Roman Republic (Present-Day Italy)
Thursday Jan 7, 49 BC
On 7 January of 49, the Senate passed a senatus consultum ultimum, which vested Pompey with dictatorial powers. Pompey's army, however, was composed largely of untested conscripts.