Bormann signed the decree of 9 October 1942 prescribing that the permanent Final Solution in Greater Germany could no longer be solved by emigration, but only by the use of "ruthless force in the special camps of the East", that is, extermination in Nazi death camps.
The Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. The Second Battle of El Alamein took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein, the battle lasted from 23 October to 11 November 1942.