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  • Central Europe (Present-Day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    1832

    Hambacher Festival

    Central Europe (Present-Day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    1832

    The Hambacher Festival was a German national democratic festival celebrated from 27 May to 30 May 1832 at Hambach Castle, near Neustadt an der Weinstraße, in present-day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The event was disguised as a nonpolitical county fair.




  • Central Europe (Present-Day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    1832

    Events leading up to the revolution of the 1848

    Central Europe (Present-Day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    1832

    The groundwork of the 1848 uprising was laid as early as the Hambacher Fest of 1832 when public unrest began to grow in the face of heavy taxation and political censorship. The Hambacher Fest is also noteworthy for the Republicans adopting the black-red-gold colors used on today's national flag of Germany as a symbol of the Republican movement and of the unity among the German-speaking people.




  • Central Europe (Present-Day Austria)
    1846

    Austria was the predominant German state

    Central Europe (Present-Day Austria)
    1846

    In 1848, Austria was the predominant German state. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved by Napoleon in 1806, it was succeeded by a similarly loose coalition of states known as the German Confederation at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.




  • Palermo, Italy
    Jan, 1848

    The first major outbreak came in Palermo

    Palermo, Italy
    Jan, 1848

    The first major outbreak came in Palermo, Sicily, starting in January 1848. There had been several previous revolts against Bourbon rule; this one produced an independent state that lasted only 16 months before the Bourbons came back.




  • Central Europe (Present-Day Austria)
    Saturday Jan 1, 1848

    Causes of events of 1848 in the Austrian Empire

    Central Europe (Present-Day Austria)
    Saturday Jan 1, 1848

    The events of 1848 were the product of mounting social and political tensions after the Congress of Vienna of 1815. During the "pre-March" period, the already conservative Austrian Empire moved further away from ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, restricted freedom of the press, limited many university activities, and banned fraternities.




  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Friday Feb 4, 1848

    Baden sent two democrats to the pre parliament

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Friday Feb 4, 1848

    Baden sent two democrats, Friedrich Karl Franz Hecker and Gustav von Struve, to the pre parliament. In the minority and frustrated with the lack of progress, Hecker and Struve walked out in protest on April 2, 1848.




  • Central Europe (Present-Day Bavaria, Germany)
    Wednesday Feb 9, 1848

    Demonstration in Bavaria

    Central Europe (Present-Day Bavaria, Germany)
    Wednesday Feb 9, 1848

    On February 9, conservatives came out onto the streets in protest.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Feb, 1848

    Baden was the first state to have popular unrest

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Feb, 1848

    Baden was the first state in Germany to have popular unrest, despite the liberal reforms. Baden happened to be one of the most liberal states in Germany. After the news of the February Days in Paris reached Baden.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Sunday Feb 27, 1848

    An assembly of people from Baden adopted a resolution demanding a bill of rights

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Sunday Feb 27, 1848

    On February 27, 1848, in Mannheim, an assembly of people from Baden adopted a resolution demanding a bill of rights. Similar resolutions were adopted in Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, and other German states.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Mar, 1848

    "March Revolution" in the German states

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Mar, 1848

    The "March Revolution" in the German states took place in the south and the west of Germany, with large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations. Led by well-educated students and intellectuals, they demanded German national unity, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. The uprisings were poorly coordinated but had in common a rejection of traditional, autocratic political structures in the 39 independent states of the German Confederation.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany)
    Monday Mar 6, 1848

    A group of German liberals began to make plans for an election to a German national assembly

    Central Europe (Present-Day Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany)
    Monday Mar 6, 1848

    In Heidelberg, in the state of Baden, on March 6, 1848, a group of German liberals began to make plans for an election to a German national assembly. This prototype Parliament met on March 31, in Frankfurt's St. Paul's Church.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Mar, 1848

    "Address to the king"

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Mar, 1848

    In March 1848, crowds of people gathered in Berlin to present their demands in an "address to the king". King Frederick William IV, taken by surprise, verbally yielded to all the demonstrators' demands, including parliamentary elections, a constitution, and freedom of the press. He promised that "Prussia was to be merged forthwith into Germany."


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Sunday Mar 12, 1848

    Vienna had been restive

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Sunday Mar 12, 1848

    Vienna had been restive and was encouraged by a sermon of Anton Füster, a liberal priest, on Sunday, March 12, 1848 in their university chapel. The student demonstrators demanded a constitution and a constituent assembly elected by universal male suffrage.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany)
    Monday Mar 13, 1848

    Warnings by the police against public demonstrations

    Central Europe (Present-Day Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany)
    Monday Mar 13, 1848

    On March 13, after warnings by the police against public demonstrations went unheeded, the army charged a group of people returning from a meeting in the Tiergarten, leaving one person dead and many injured.


  • France
    Mar, 1848

    The revolutions spread from France

    France
    Mar, 1848

    The revolutions spread from France across Europe; they erupted soon thereafter in Austria and Germany, beginning with the large demonstrations on March 13, 1848, in Vienna. This resulted in the resignation of Prince von Metternich as chief minister to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, and his going into exile in Britain. Because of the date of the Vienna demonstrations, the revolutions in Germany are usually called the March Revolution.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Mar, 1848

    Students mounted a large street demonstration in Vienna

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Mar, 1848

    On March 13, 1848 university students mounted a large street demonstration in Vienna, and it was covered by the press across the German-speaking states. Following the important, but relatively minor, demonstrations against royal mistress Lola Montez in Bavaria on February 9, 1848, the first major revolt of 1848 in German lands occurred in Vienna on March 13, 1848.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Tuesday Mar 14, 1848

    Emperor Ferdinand ordered to fire on the students rebels

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Tuesday Mar 14, 1848

    Emperor Ferdinand and his chief advisor Metternich directed troops to crush the demonstration. When demonstrators moved to the streets near the palace, the troops fired on the students, killing several. The new working class of Vienna joined the student demonstrations, developing an armed insurrection.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Bavaria, Germany)
    Thursday Mar 16, 1848

    Ludwig I abdicated in favor of his eldest son Maximilian II

    Central Europe (Present-Day Bavaria, Germany)
    Thursday Mar 16, 1848

    Ludwig tried to institute a few minor reforms but they proved insufficient to quell the storm of protests. On March 16, 1848, Ludwig I abdicated in favor of his eldest son Maximilian II. Ludwig complained that "I could not rule any longer, and I did not want to give up my powers".


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Saturday Mar 18, 1848

    A large demonstration occurred in Germany

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Saturday Mar 18, 1848

    On March 18, a large demonstration occurred. After two shots were fired, fearing that some of the 20,000 soldiers would be used against them, demonstrators erected barricades, and a battle ensued until troops were ordered 13 hours later to retreat, leaving hundreds dead.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Poznań, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)
    Monday Mar 20, 1848

    Prussia annexing the Greater Polish region as the Province of Posen

    Central Europe (Present-Day Poznań, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)
    Monday Mar 20, 1848

    It began on 20 March 1848 and resulted in Prussia annexing the Greater Polish region as the Province of Posen.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Friedrichshain cemetery, Berlin, Germany)
    Tuesday Mar 21, 1848

    The King proceeded through the streets of Berlin to attend a mass funeral at the Friedrichshain cemetery for the civilian victims of the uprising

    Central Europe (Present-Day Friedrichshain cemetery, Berlin, Germany)
    Tuesday Mar 21, 1848

    On March 21, the King proceeded through the streets of Berlin to attend a mass funeral at the Friedrichshain cemetery for the civilian victims of the uprising. He and his ministers and generals wore the revolutionary tricolor of black, red, and gold. Polish prisoners, who had been jailed for planning a rebellion in formerly Polish territories now ruled by Prussia, were liberated and paraded through the city to the acclaim of the people.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Austrian Empire)
    Mar, 1848

    Revolution in Vienna was a catalyst to revolution throughout the German states

    Central Europe (Present-Day Austrian Empire)
    Mar, 1848

    The March Revolution in Vienna was a catalyst to revolution throughout the German states. Popular demands were made for an elected representative government and for the unification of Germany.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Poznań, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)
    Mar, 1848

    Greater Poland uprising of 1848

    Central Europe (Present-Day Poznań, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland)
    Mar, 1848

    The Greater Poland uprising of 1848 or Poznań Uprising was an unsuccessful military insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Saturday Apr 8, 1848

    A law allowing universal suffrage

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Saturday Apr 8, 1848

    On April 8, 1848, a law allowing universal suffrage and an indirect (two-stage) voting system was agreed to by the assembly.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Apr, 1848

    Ferdinand appointed new ministers

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Apr, 1848

    Ferdinand appointed new, nominally liberal, ministers. The Austrian government drafted a constitution in late April 1848. The people rejected this, as the majority was denied the right to vote.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Paulsplatz, Paulsplatz, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60311, Germany)
    Monday May 1, 1848

    A Constituent National Assembly was elected in late April and early May

    Central Europe (Present-Day Paulsplatz, Paulsplatz, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse 60311, Germany)
    Monday May 1, 1848

    A Constituent National Assembly was elected from various German states in late April and early May 1848 and gathered in St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt am Main on May 18, 1848.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Baden and the Palatinate,Germany)
    Wednesday May 10, 1848

    Frederick Engels took part in the uprising in Baden and the Palatinate

    Central Europe (Present-Day Baden and the Palatinate,Germany)
    Wednesday May 10, 1848

    Frederick Engels took part in the uprising in Baden and the Palatinate. On May 10, 1848, he and Karl Marx traveled from Cologne, Germany, to observe the events of the region.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Frankfurt, Germany)
    Thursday May 18, 1848

    Frankfurt National Assembly was convened

    Central Europe (Present-Day Frankfurt, Germany)
    Thursday May 18, 1848

    On May 18, 1848, 809 delegates (585 of whom were elected) were seated at St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt to convene the Frankfurt National Assembly. Karl Mathy, a right-center journalist, was among those elected as a deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Monday May 22, 1848

    Another elected assembly sat for the first time in Berlin

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Monday May 22, 1848

    On May 22, 1848, another elected assembly sat for the first time in Berlin. They were elected under the law of April 8, 1848, which allowed for universal suffrage and a two-stage voting system.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    May, 1848

    The citizens of Vienna returned to the streets

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    May, 1848

    The citizens of Vienna returned to the streets from May 26 through 27, 1848, erecting barricades to prepare for an army attack. Ferdinand and his family fled to Innsbruck, where they spent the next few months surrounded by the loyal peasantry of the Tyrol.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    1848

    Ferdinand issued two manifestos on May and June

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    1848

    Ferdinand issued two manifestos on May 16, 1848, and June 3, 1848, which gave concessions to the people. He converted the Imperial Diet into a Constituent Assembly to be elected by the people. Other concessions were less substantial, and generally addressed the reorganizing and unification of Germany.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Wednesday Jun 14, 1848

    Hermann von Natzmer refused to shoot the insurgent forces

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Wednesday Jun 14, 1848

    Hermann von Natzmer was the former Prussian officer who had been in charge of the arsenal of Berlin. Refusing to shoot insurgent forces who stormed the arsenal on June 14, 1848, Natzmer became a hero to insurgents across Germany.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Jul, 1848

    Struggle for constitutional rights

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Jul, 1848

    Democrats of the Palatinate and across Germany considered the Baden-Palatinate insurrection to be part of the wider all-German struggle for constitutional rights. Franz Sigel, a second lieutenant in the Baden army, a democrat, and a supporter of the provisional government, developed a plan to protect the reform movement in Karlsruhe and the Palatinate.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Saturday Aug 12, 1848

    Ferdinand returned to Vienna

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Saturday Aug 12, 1848

    Ferdinand returned to Vienna from Innsbruck on August 12, 1848. Soon after his return, the working-class populace hit the streets again on August 21, 1848, to protest high unemployment and the government's decree to reduce wages.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Wednesday Aug 23, 1848

    Austrian troops opened fire on unarmed demonstrators

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Wednesday Aug 23, 1848

    On August 23, 1848, Austrian troops opened fire on unarmed demonstrators and shot several.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Hungary)
    Sep, 1848

    Ferdinand decided to send Austrian and Croatian troops to Hungary to crush a democratic rebellion

    Central Europe (Present-Day Hungary)
    Sep, 1848

    In late September 1848, Emperor Ferdinand, who was also King Ferdinand V of Hungary, decided to send Austrian and Croatian troops to Hungary to crush a democratic rebellion there.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Sep, 1848

    Marx and Engels and Karl Ludwig serving as a member of the provisional government in Baden and the Palatinate

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Sep, 1848

    In late 1848, Marx and Engels intended to meet with Karl Ludwig Johann D'Ester, then serving as a member of the provisional government in Baden and the Palatinate. He was a physician, democrat and socialist who had been a member of the Cologne community chapter of the Communist League.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Hungary)
    Friday Sep 29, 1848

    Austrian troops were defeated by the Hungarian

    Central Europe (Present-Day Hungary)
    Friday Sep 29, 1848

    On September 29, 1848, the Austrian troops were defeated by the Hungarian revolutionary forces.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Oct, 1848

    The citizens of Vienna had demonstrated against the emperor's actions

    Central Europe (Present-Day Vienna, Austria)
    Oct, 1848

    On October 6 through 7, 1848, the citizens of Vienna had demonstrated against the emperor's actions against forces in Hungary.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Monday Oct 30, 1848

    D'Ester had been elected to the Central committee of the German Democrats

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Monday Oct 30, 1848

    D'Ester had been elected to the Central Committee of the German Democrats, together with Reichenbach and Hexamer, at the Second Democratic Congress held in Berlin from October 26 through October 30, 1848.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Czech Republic)
    Saturday Dec 2, 1848

    Emperor Ferdinand fled to Olomouc in Moravia

    Central Europe (Present-Day Czech Republic)
    Saturday Dec 2, 1848

    Emperor Ferdinand I fled to Olomouc in Moravia. On December 2, 1848, Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his nephew Franz Joseph.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Tuesday Dec 5, 1848

    A constitution took effect on December

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Tuesday Dec 5, 1848

    King Frederick William IV of Prussia unilaterally imposed a monarchist constitution to undercut the democratic forces. This constitution took effect on December 5, 1848.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Tuesday Dec 5, 1848

    The Berlin Assembly was dissolved

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Tuesday Dec 5, 1848

    On December 5, 1848, the Berlin Assembly was dissolved and replaced with the bicameral legislature allowed under the monarchist Constitution. This legislature was composed of a Herrenhaus and a Landtag.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Dresden, Saxony, Germany)
    1848

    The Revolution of 1848 brought reforms in the government of Saxony

    Central Europe (Present-Day Dresden, Saxony, Germany)
    1848

    The Revolution of 1848 brought more popular reforms in the government of Saxony.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    1848

    The liberal petty bourgeoisie led the uprisings of 1848

    Central Europe (Present-Day Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    1848

    By 1848, a large industrial working class, the proletariat, had developed, and owing to Napoleonic France, the level of education was relatively high and it was politically active. While in other German states the liberal petty bourgeoisie led the uprisings of 1848, in the Rhineland the proletariat was asserting its interests openly against the bourgeoisie as early as 1840.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    1848

    Prussia controlled the Rhineland as part of "Western Prussia"

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    1848

    In 1848, Prussia controlled the Rhineland as part of "Western Prussia", having first acquired territory in this area in 1614.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Dec, 1848

    "Basic Rights for the German People"

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Dec, 1848

    In December 1848 the "Basic Rights for the German People" proclaimed equal rights for all citizens before the law.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Thursday Dec 28, 1848

    The Prussian aristocrats and generals had regained power in Berlin

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Thursday Dec 28, 1848

    By late 1848, the Prussian aristocrats and generals had regained power in Berlin. They had not been defeated permanently during the incidents of March but had only retreated temporarily.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    1848

    The Revolution of 1848 failed in its attempt to unify the German-speaking states

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    1848

    The Revolution of 1848 failed in its attempt to unify the German-speaking states because the Frankfurt Assembly reflected the many different interests of the German ruling classes. Its members were unable to form coalitions and push for specific goals.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Dresden, Saxony, Germany)
    Monday Mar 5, 1849

    May Uprising in Dresden

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Dresden, Saxony, Germany)
    Monday Mar 5, 1849

    In Dresden, the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, the people took to the streets asking King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony to engage in electoral reform, social justice, and for a constitution.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday Mar 28, 1849

    Draft of the Paulskirchenverfassung constitution was finally passed

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday Mar 28, 1849

    On March 28, 1849, the draft of the Paulskirchenverfassung constitution was finally passed. The new Germany was to be a constitutional monarchy, and the office of head of state ("Emperor of the Germans") was to be hereditary and held by the respective King of Prussia.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Saturday Apr 21, 1849

    A delegation of the National Assembly met with King Frederick William IV

    Central Europe (Present-Day Berlin, Germany)
    Saturday Apr 21, 1849

    On April 2, 1849, a delegation of the National Assembly met with King Frederick William IV in Berlin and offered him the crown of the Emperor under this new constitution.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Tuesday May 1, 1849

    A meeting of the democratic people's associations was held in Kaiserslautern

    Central Europe (Present-Day Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Tuesday May 1, 1849

    On 1 May 1849, a meeting of the democratic people's associations was held in Kaiserslautern. About 12,000 people gathered under the slogan, "If the government becomes rebellious, the citizens of the Palatinate will become the enforcers of the laws.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday May 2, 1849

    "State Committee for the Defence and Implementation of the Constitution"

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday May 2, 1849

    On 2 May, they decided to establish a ten-man "State Committee for the Defence and Implementation of the Constitution." They did not declare a republic, as had happened in Baden.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Elberfeld, Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Germany)
    Sunday May 6, 1849

    Uprisings started in Elberfeld

    Central Europe (Present-Day Elberfeld, Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, Germany)
    Sunday May 6, 1849

    The revolutionary upsurge revived in the spring of 1849, the uprisings started in Elberfeld in the Rhineland on May 6, 1849.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Monday May 7, 1849

    Eisenstuck representative of the central authority for the Palatinate

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Monday May 7, 1849

    On 7 May 1849, Bernhard Eisenstuck, representative of the central authority for the Palatinate, legitimized the defense committee. He was dismissed on 11 May for exceeding his powers.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Switzerland)
    Wednesday May 9, 1849

    Wagner left Dresden for Switzerland to avoid arrest

    Central Europe (Present-Day Switzerland)
    Wednesday May 9, 1849

    On May 9, 1849, together with the leaders of the uprising, Wagner left Dresden for Switzerland to avoid arrest. He spent a number of years in exile abroad, in Switzerland, Italy, and Paris. Finally, the government lifted its ban against him and he returned to Germany.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Dresden, Saxony, Germany)
    Wednesday May 9, 1849

    German composer Richard Wagner engaged in the revolution in Dresden

    Central Europe (Present-Day Dresden, Saxony, Germany)
    Wednesday May 9, 1849

    German composer Richard Wagner passionately engaged himself in the revolution in Dresden, supporting the democratic-republican movement. Later during the May Uprising in Dresden from May 3–9, 1849, he supported the provisional government.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
    Wednesday May 9, 1849

    Uprisings occurred in the Rhenish

    Central Europe (Present-Day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
    Wednesday May 9, 1849

    On May 9, 1849, uprisings occurred in the Rhenish towns of Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Iserlohn and Solingen.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
    1849

    Uprising in Düsseldorf was suppressed

    Central Europe (Present-Day Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
    1849

    The uprising in Düsseldorf was suppressed the following day on May 10, 1849.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Friday May 11, 1849

    Frederick Engels was active in the uprising

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Friday May 11, 1849

    Workers from Solingen stormed the arsenal at Gräfrath and obtained arms and cartridges for the insurgents. Frederick Engels was active in the uprising in Elberfeld from May 11, 1849, until the end of the revolt.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Thursday May 17, 1849

    Agroup of workers and democrats from Trier and neighboring townships stormed the arsenal at Prüm

    Central Europe (Present-Day Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Thursday May 17, 1849

    On May 17 through 18, 1849, a group of workers and democrats from Trier and neighboring townships stormed the arsenal at Prüm to obtain arms for the insurgents.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Saturday May 19, 1849

    Closing down the newspaper

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Saturday May 19, 1849

    Engels and Marx became editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Less than a year later, on May 19, 1849, the Prussian authorities closed down the newspaper because of its support for constitutional reforms.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany)
    Sunday May 20, 1849

    The Grand Duke was forced to leave Karlsruhe

    Central Europe (Present-Day Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany)
    Sunday May 20, 1849

    In May 1849, the Grand Duke was forced to leave Karlsruhe, Baden, and seek help from Prussia. Provisional governments were declared in both the Palatinate and Baden. In Baden conditions for the provisional government were ideal: the public and army were both strongly in support of constitutional change and democratic reform in the government.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    1849

    A resurgence of revolutionary activity occurred in Baden

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    1849

    In May 1849, a resurgence of revolutionary activity occurred in Baden. As this was closely connected to the uprising in the German Palatinate, it is described below, in the section titled, "The Palatinate."


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday Jun 6, 1849

    Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday Jun 6, 1849

    Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, which was little more than a debating club. The radical members were forced to go to Stuttgart, where they sat from June 6–18 as a rump parliament until it too was dispersed by Württemberg troops.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Wednesday Jun 13, 1849

    Engels joined an 800-member group of workers being formed as a military corps

    Central Europe (Present-Day Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Wednesday Jun 13, 1849

    On June 13, 1849, Engels joined an 800-member group of workers being formed as a military corps by August Willich, a former Prussian military officer. He was also a member of the Communist League and supported a revolutionary change in Germany.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Jun, 1849

    Palatine uprising

    Central Europe (Present-Day Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Jun, 1849

    The Palatine uprising was a rebellion that took place in May and June 1849 in the Rhenish Palatinate, then an exclave territory of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Related to uprisings across the Rhine River in Baden, it was part of the widespread Imperial Constitution Campaign. Revolutionaries worked to defend the Constitution as well as to secede from the Kingdom of Bavaria.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany)
    Jun, 1849

    Joseph Martin Reichard appointed deputy in the Frankfurt Assembly

    Central Europe (Present-Day Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany)
    Jun, 1849

    The provisional government first appointed Joseph Martin Reichard, a lawyer, democrat, and deputy in the Frankfurt Assembly, as the head of the military department in the Palatinate.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday Jul 25, 1849

    The Prussians defeated this revolutionary army

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Wednesday Jul 25, 1849

    The Prussians defeated this revolutionary army, and the survivors of Willichs Corps crossed over the frontier into the safety of Switzerland. Engels did not reach Switzerland until July 25, 1849. He sent word of his survival to Marx and friends and comrades in London, England.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Aug, 1849

    Prussian troops crushed the uprising

    Central Europe (Present-Day Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)
    Aug, 1849

    The Prussian troops arrived and crushed the uprising in August 1849. Engels and some others escaped to Kaiserlautern.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Elberfeld, Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
    1849

    The Elberfeld uprising

    Central Europe (Present-Day Elberfeld, Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
    1849

    The Elberfeld uprising was one of the revolutionary movements in Germany in 1849, part of the German Constitution campaign.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Dec, 1849

    The Prussian government called up a large portion of the army reserve—the Landwehr in Westphalia and the Rhineland

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Dec, 1849

    In the spring of 1849, the Prussian government called up a large portion of the army reserve—the Landwehr in Westphalia and the Rhineland. This action was opposed: the order to call up the Landwehr affected all males under the age of 40 years, and such a call-up was to be done only in times of war, not in peacetime when it was considered illegal.


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