History of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

Ibrahim Pasha was born in 1789.

In 1805, during his father's struggle to establish himself as ruler of Egypt, the adolescent Ibrahim, at 16, was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman captain Pasha.

The Ottoman/Egyptian-Wahhabi War also known as Ottoman/Egyptian-Saudi War was fought from early 1811 to 1818, between Ottoman Egypt under Muhammad Ali Pasha and the army of the Emirate of Diriyah.

Muhammad Ali went to Arabia to prosecute the war against the Ibn Saud in 1813, Ibrahim was left in command of Upper Egypt.

Muhammad Ali landed at Yanbu, the port of Medina, in 1813. Ibrahim's task was to follow them into the desert of Nejd and destroy their fortresses.

In 1816, he succeeded his brother Tusun Pasha in command of the Egyptian forces in Arabia.

By the end of September 1818, he had forced the Saudi leader to surrender and had taken Diriyah, which he sacked.

On December 11, 1819, he made a triumphal entry into Cairo. After his return, Ibrahim gave effective support to the Frenchman, Colonel Sève (Suleiman Pasha), who was employed to drill the army on the European model.

In 1822, the Greeks had decisively defeated an army of some 30,000 men under Sultanzade Mahmud Dramali Pasha.

By the beginning of 1822, all of riverine Sudan and Kordofan were under Egyptian control.

Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on July 4, 1824, but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between Rhodes and Crete.

In 1824, Muhammad Ali was appointed governor of the Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece) by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II.

The Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani was a campaign during the Greek War of Independence that consisted of three battles. The Maniots fought against a combined Egyptian and Ottoman army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.

Ibrahim Pasha attacks Missolonghi in the year 1826.

He defeated the Ottoman army at Homs.

Ibrahim defeated the Ottoman army at Beilan.

In 1831, his father's quarrel with the Porte having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer Syria.

Ibrahim occupied Damascus.

The First Egyptian–Ottoman War, First Turco-Egyptian War, or First Syrian War was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria.

Ibrahim Pasha was sent north to besiege Acre in October 1831. After Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali governor of Acre refused request to contribute towards Muhammad Ali's war effort.

The Grand Vizier, in a last-ditch attempt to block Ibrahim's advance towards the capital. While Ibrahim commanded a force of 50,000 men, most of them were spread out along his supply lines from Cairo, and he had only 15,000 in Konya. Nevertheless, when the armies met on December 21, Ibrahim's forces won in a rout, capturing the Grand Vizier after he became lost in fog attempting to rally the collapsing left flank of his forces.

Ibrahim routed the Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha at Konya on December 21.

The city fell to Ibrahim's army six months later in May 1832. After Acre, he continued on to win control of Aleppo, Homs, Beirut, Sidon, Tripoli, and Damascus.

He took Acre after a severe siege on May 27, 1832.

With the provinces of Greater Syria under his control, the Egyptian army continued their campaign into Anatolia in late 1832.

On 21 November 1832, the Egyptian forces occupied the city of Konya in central Anatolia, within striking distance of the imperial capital of Constantinople.

The Convention of Kütahya on May 6 left Syria for a time in the hands of Muhammad Ali. Ibrahim was undoubtedly helped by Colonel Sève and the European officers in his army. After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria.

After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria.

The Casemates of Ibrahim Pasha, are a number of casemates built by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1833 to the north of Gülek Pass in southern Turkey.

During the 1834 peasants' revolt in Palestine, Ibrahim Pasha besieged the Transjordanian city of Al-Karak for 17 days, in pursuit of the revolt's leader Qasim al-Ahmad.

The Syrian Peasant Revolt was an armed uprising of Levantine peasant classes against the rule of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1834–35.

The Porte felt strong enough to renew the struggle, and war broke out once more. Ibrahim won his last victory for his father at Nezib on June 24, 1839.

The Battle of Nezib was fought on 24 June 1839 between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. The Egyptians were led by Ibrahim Pasha, while the Ottomans were led by Hafiz Osman Pasha.

It was signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia on one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other. The Convention lent some support to the Ottoman Empire, which was having difficulties with its Egyptian possessions.

But the United Kingdom and the Austrian Empire intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Their squadrons cut his communications by the sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February 1841.

The Karakis were to take their revenge from Ibrahim Pasha, 6 years later when the Pasha and his Egyptian army were driven out of Damascus.

In 1841, as the Pasha and his troops took the Hajj road from Damascus, they were persistently attacked all the way from Qatraneh to Gaza. The weary army was killed and robbed, and by the time Ibrahim Pasha reached Gaza, the commander had lost most of his army, ammunition, and animals.

In 1846 he paid a visit to Western Europe, where he was received with some respect and a great deal of curiosity.

Ibrahim was appointed Regent when his father became senile.

Ibrahim Pasha's death on 10 November 1848.