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  • England
    1802
    Incandescent light bulb

    Humphry Davy's Experiment

    England
    1802

    In 1802, Humphry Davy used what he described as "a battery of immense size", consisting of 2,000 cells housed in the basement of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, to create an incandescent light by passing the current through a thin strip of platinum, chosen because the metal had an extremely high melting point. It was not bright enough nor did it last long enough to be practical, but it was the precedent behind the efforts of scores of experimenters over the next 75 years.




  • Washington D.C., U.S.
    Tuesday Jan 26, 1802
    Library of Congress

    librarian and Joint Committee

    Washington D.C., U.S.
    Tuesday Jan 26, 1802

    President Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. On January 26, 1802, he signed a bill that allowed the president to appoint the librarian of Congress and establishing a Joint Committee on the Library to regulate and oversee it. The new law also extended borrowing privileges to the president and vice president.




  • Madrid, Spain
    1802
    Simón Bolívar

    Marriage

    Madrid, Spain
    1802

    In 1799, following the early deaths of his father Juan Vicente (dead since 1786) and his mother Concepción (who died in 1792), Bolívar traveled to Mexico, France, and Spain, at the age of 16 years, to complete his education. While in Madrid during 1802 and after a two-year courtship, he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza, who was to be his only wife. She was related to the aristocratic families of the marquis del Toro of Caracas and the marquis de Inicio of Madrid.




  • Amiens, France
    Thursday Mar 25, 1802
    Napoleon

    Treaty of Amiens

    Amiens, France
    Thursday Mar 25, 1802

    France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic.




  • Vienna, Austria
    1802
    Beethoven

    The Secod Symphony

    Vienna, Austria
    1802

    In the spring of 1802, he completed the Second Symphony, intended for performance at a concert that was canceled. The symphony received its premiere instead at a subscription concert in April 1803 at the Theater an der Wien, where he had been appointed composer in residence. In addition to the Second Symphony, the concert also featured the First Symphony, the Third Piano Concerto, and the oratorio Christ on the Mount of Olives. Reviews were mixed, but the concert was a financial success; he was able to charge three times the cost of a typical concert ticket.




  • Germany
    1802
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Ueber Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke

    Germany
    1802

    In 1802, Johann Nikolaus Forkel published Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work, the first biography of the composer, which contributed to his becoming known to a wider public.




  • France
    Monday May 10, 1802
    Napoleon

    The 1802 French constitutional referendum

    France
    Monday May 10, 1802

    In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life.


  • Heiligenstadt, Austria
    Wednesday Oct 6, 1802
    Beethoven

    Heiligenstadt Testament

    Heiligenstadt, Austria
    Wednesday Oct 6, 1802

    On the advice of his doctor, he moved to the small Austrian town of Heiligenstadt, just outside Vienna, from April to October 1802 in an attempt to come to terms with his condition. There he wrote the document now known as the “Heiligenstadt Testament”, a letter to his brothers which records his thoughts of suicide due to his growing deafness and records his resolution to continue living for and through his art. The letter was never actually sent and was discovered in the composer’s papers after his death. The letters to Wegeler and Amenda were not so despairing; in them, Beethoven commented also on his ongoing professional and financial success at this period, and his determination, as he expressed it to Wegeler, to “seize Fate by the throat; it shall certainly not crush me completely.” In 1806, Beethoven noted on his musical sketches "Let your deafness no longer be a secret – even in art."


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