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  • Madrid, Spain
    Jan, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Unsuccessful Attempt

    Madrid, Spain
    Jan, 1937

    Franco made another attempt to capture Madrid in January and February 1937, but was again unsuccessful.




  • Malaga, Spain
    Jan, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Malaga

    Malaga, Spain
    Jan, 1937

    The Battle of Málaga started in mid-January, and this Nationalist offensive in Spain's southeast would turn into a disaster for the Republicans, who were poorly organised and armed. The city was taken by Franco on 8 February.




  • Guadalajara, Spain
    Monday Mar 8, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Guadalajara

    Guadalajara, Spain
    Monday Mar 8, 1937

    A similar Nationalist offensive, the Battle of Guadalajara, was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies. This was the only publicized Republican victory of the war. Franco used Italian troops and blitzkrieg tactics; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists' defeat, the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment.




  • Spain
    Mar, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    War in the North

    Spain
    Mar, 1937

    The "War in the North" began in mid-March, with the Biscay Campaign. The Basques suffered most from the lack of a suitable air force.




  • Spain
    Apr, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets

    Spain
    Apr, 1937

    German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets, most notably—and controversially—the bombing of Guernica which, on 26 April 1937, killed 200 to 300 civilians. Germany also used the war to test new weapons, such as the Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 87 Stukas and Junkers Ju-52 transport Trimotors (used also as Bombers), which showed themselves to be effective.




  • Guernica, Spain
    Monday Apr 26, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica

    Guernica, Spain
    Monday Apr 26, 1937

    On 26 April, the Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica, killing 200–300 and causing significant damage. The destruction had a significant effect on international opinion. The Basques retreated.




  • Catalonia, Spain
    Monday May 3, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    May Days

    Catalonia, Spain
    Monday May 3, 1937

    April and May saw the May Days, infighting among Republican groups in Catalonia. The dispute was between an ultimately victorious government—Communist forces and the anarchist CNT. The disturbance pleased Nationalist command, but little was done to exploit Republican divisions. After the fall of Guernica, the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness. In July, it made a move to recapture Segovia, forcing Franco to delay his advance on the Bilbao front, but for only two weeks. A similar Republican attack, the Huesca Offensive, failed similarly.


  • Alcocero, Burgos, Spain
    Thursday Jun 3, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Mola was killed

    Alcocero, Burgos, Spain
    Thursday Jun 3, 1937

    Mola, Franco's second-in-command, was killed on 3 June, in an airplane accident.


  • Brunete, Spain
    Tuesday Jul 6, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Brunete

    Brunete, Spain
    Tuesday Jul 6, 1937

    The Battle of Brunete, however, was a significant defeat for the Republic, which lost many of its most accomplished troops. The offensive led to an advance of 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi), and left 25,000 Republican casualties. The Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), fought 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the Nationalists on the capital and on the north during the Spanish Civil War. Although initially successful, the Republicans were forced to retreat from Brunete and suffered devastating casualties from the battle.


  • Bilbao, Spain
    Jul, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Bilbao

    Bilbao, Spain
    Jul, 1937

    In early July, despite the earlier loss at the Battle of Bilbao, the government launched a strong counter-offensive to the west of Madrid, focusing on Brunete. The Battle of Bilbao was part of the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War where the Nationalist Army captured the city of Bilbao and the remaining parts of the Basque Country still held by the Republic.


  • Aragón, Spain
    Aug, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Franco invaded Aragón

    Aragón, Spain
    Aug, 1937

    Franco invaded Aragón and took the city of Santander in Cantabria in August.


  • Belchite, near Zaragoza, Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Belchite

    Belchite, near Zaragoza, Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937

    A Republican offensive against Zaragoza was also a failure. Despite having land and aerial advantages, the Battle of Belchite, a place lacking any military interest, resulted in an advance of only 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and the loss of much equipment. The Battle of Belchite refers to a series of military operations that took place between 24 August and 7 September 1937, in and around the small town of Belchite, in Aragon during the Spanish Civil War.


  • Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Santoña Agreement

    Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937

    With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the Santoña Agreement. The Santoña Agreement, or Pact of Santoña, was an agreement signed in the town of Guriezo, near Santoña, Cantabria, on August 24, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, between politicians close to the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco or PNV), fighting for the Spanish Republicans, and Italian forces, fighting for Francisco Franco.


  • Gijón, Spain
    Wednesday Sep 1, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Asturias Offensive

    Gijón, Spain
    Wednesday Sep 1, 1937

    Gijón finally fell in late October in the Asturias Offensive. The Asturias Offensive was an offensive in Asturias during the Spanish Civil War which lasted from 1 September to 21 October 1937. 45,000 men of the Spanish Republican Army met 90,000 men of the Nationalist forces.


  • Teruel, Aragon, Spain
    Wednesday Dec 15, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Teruel

    Teruel, Aragon, Spain
    Wednesday Dec 15, 1937

    The Battle of Teruel was an important confrontation. The city, which had formerly belonged to the Nationalists, was conquered by Republicans in January. The Francoist troops launched an offensive and recovered the city by 22 February, but Franco was forced to rely heavily on German and Italian air support. The Battle of Teruel was fought in and around the city of Teruel during the Spanish Civil War. The combatants fought the battle between December 1937 and February 1938, during the worst Spanish winter in twenty years. The battle was one of the bloodier actions of the war with the city changing hands several times, first falling to the Republicans and eventually being re-taken by the Nationalists. In the course of the fighting, Teruel was subjected to heavy artillery and aerial bombardment. The two sides suffered over 140,000 casualties between them in the two-month battle. It was a decisive battle of the war, as Francisco Franco's use of his superiority in men and material in regaining Teruel made it the military turning point of the war.


  • Madrid, Spain
    Jan, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Unsuccessful Attempt

    Madrid, Spain
    Jan, 1937

    Franco made another attempt to capture Madrid in January and February 1937, but was again unsuccessful.


  • Malaga, Spain
    Jan, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Malaga

    Malaga, Spain
    Jan, 1937

    The Battle of Málaga started in mid-January, and this Nationalist offensive in Spain's southeast would turn into a disaster for the Republicans, who were poorly organised and armed. The city was taken by Franco on 8 February.


  • Guadalajara, Spain
    Monday Mar 8, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Guadalajara

    Guadalajara, Spain
    Monday Mar 8, 1937

    A similar Nationalist offensive, the Battle of Guadalajara, was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies. This was the only publicized Republican victory of the war. Franco used Italian troops and blitzkrieg tactics; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists' defeat, the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment.


  • Spain
    Mar, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    War in the North

    Spain
    Mar, 1937

    The "War in the North" began in mid-March, with the Biscay Campaign. The Basques suffered most from the lack of a suitable air force.


  • Spain
    Apr, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets

    Spain
    Apr, 1937

    German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets, most notably—and controversially—the bombing of Guernica which, on 26 April 1937, killed 200 to 300 civilians. Germany also used the war to test new weapons, such as the Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 87 Stukas and Junkers Ju-52 transport Trimotors (used also as Bombers), which showed themselves to be effective.


  • Guernica, Spain
    Monday Apr 26, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica

    Guernica, Spain
    Monday Apr 26, 1937

    On 26 April, the Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica, killing 200–300 and causing significant damage. The destruction had a significant effect on international opinion. The Basques retreated.


  • Catalonia, Spain
    Monday May 3, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    May Days

    Catalonia, Spain
    Monday May 3, 1937

    April and May saw the May Days, infighting among Republican groups in Catalonia. The dispute was between an ultimately victorious government—Communist forces and the anarchist CNT. The disturbance pleased Nationalist command, but little was done to exploit Republican divisions. After the fall of Guernica, the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness. In July, it made a move to recapture Segovia, forcing Franco to delay his advance on the Bilbao front, but for only two weeks. A similar Republican attack, the Huesca Offensive, failed similarly.


  • Alcocero, Burgos, Spain
    Thursday Jun 3, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Mola was killed

    Alcocero, Burgos, Spain
    Thursday Jun 3, 1937

    Mola, Franco's second-in-command, was killed on 3 June, in an airplane accident.


  • Brunete, Spain
    Tuesday Jul 6, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Brunete

    Brunete, Spain
    Tuesday Jul 6, 1937

    The Battle of Brunete, however, was a significant defeat for the Republic, which lost many of its most accomplished troops. The offensive led to an advance of 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi), and left 25,000 Republican casualties. The Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), fought 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the Nationalists on the capital and on the north during the Spanish Civil War. Although initially successful, the Republicans were forced to retreat from Brunete and suffered devastating casualties from the battle.


  • Bilbao, Spain
    Jul, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Bilbao

    Bilbao, Spain
    Jul, 1937

    In early July, despite the earlier loss at the Battle of Bilbao, the government launched a strong counter-offensive to the west of Madrid, focusing on Brunete. The Battle of Bilbao was part of the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War where the Nationalist Army captured the city of Bilbao and the remaining parts of the Basque Country still held by the Republic.


  • Aragón, Spain
    Aug, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Franco invaded Aragón

    Aragón, Spain
    Aug, 1937

    Franco invaded Aragón and took the city of Santander in Cantabria in August.


  • Belchite, near Zaragoza, Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Belchite

    Belchite, near Zaragoza, Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937

    A Republican offensive against Zaragoza was also a failure. Despite having land and aerial advantages, the Battle of Belchite, a place lacking any military interest, resulted in an advance of only 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and the loss of much equipment. The Battle of Belchite refers to a series of military operations that took place between 24 August and 7 September 1937, in and around the small town of Belchite, in Aragon during the Spanish Civil War.


  • Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Santoña Agreement

    Spain
    Tuesday Aug 24, 1937

    With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the Santoña Agreement. The Santoña Agreement, or Pact of Santoña, was an agreement signed in the town of Guriezo, near Santoña, Cantabria, on August 24, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, between politicians close to the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco or PNV), fighting for the Spanish Republicans, and Italian forces, fighting for Francisco Franco.


  • Gijón, Spain
    Wednesday Sep 1, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Asturias Offensive

    Gijón, Spain
    Wednesday Sep 1, 1937

    Gijón finally fell in late October in the Asturias Offensive. The Asturias Offensive was an offensive in Asturias during the Spanish Civil War which lasted from 1 September to 21 October 1937. 45,000 men of the Spanish Republican Army met 90,000 men of the Nationalist forces.


  • Teruel, Aragon, Spain
    Wednesday Dec 15, 1937
    Spanish Civil War

    Battle of Teruel

    Teruel, Aragon, Spain
    Wednesday Dec 15, 1937

    The Battle of Teruel was an important confrontation. The city, which had formerly belonged to the Nationalists, was conquered by Republicans in January. The Francoist troops launched an offensive and recovered the city by 22 February, but Franco was forced to rely heavily on German and Italian air support. The Battle of Teruel was fought in and around the city of Teruel during the Spanish Civil War. The combatants fought the battle between December 1937 and February 1938, during the worst Spanish winter in twenty years. The battle was one of the bloodier actions of the war with the city changing hands several times, first falling to the Republicans and eventually being re-taken by the Nationalists. In the course of the fighting, Teruel was subjected to heavy artillery and aerial bombardment. The two sides suffered over 140,000 casualties between them in the two-month battle. It was a decisive battle of the war, as Francisco Franco's use of his superiority in men and material in regaining Teruel made it the military turning point of the war.


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