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  • Rome
    Friday Jul 18, 64
    Roman Empire

    Great Fire of Rome

    Rome
    Friday Jul 18, 64

    He believed himself a god and decided to build an opulent palace for himself. The so-called Domus Aurea, meaning golden house in Latin, was constructed atop the burnt remains of Rome after the Great Fire of Rome (64). Nero was ultimately responsible for the fire. By this time Nero was hugely unpopular despite his attempts to blame the Christians for most of his regime's problems.




  • Rome
    Monday Jul 1, 69
    Roman Empire

    Vespasian

    Rome
    Monday Jul 1, 69

    As a result of the Second Battle of Bedriacum, Vespasian became the fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years.




  • Baiae, Italy, Roman Empire (Present-Day Bacoli, Campania, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 10, 138
    Roman Empire

    Hadrian died

    Baiae, Italy, Roman Empire (Present-Day Bacoli, Campania, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 10, 138

    Hadrian died in the year 138 on 10 July, in his villa at Baiae at the age of 62.




  • Roman Empire
    Friday Jul 11, 138
    Roman Empire

    Antoninus Pius

    Roman Empire
    Friday Jul 11, 138

    Antoninus Pius's reign was comparatively peaceful; there were several military disturbances throughout the Empire in his time, in Mauretania, Judaea, and amongst the Brigantes in Britain, but none of them are considered serious.




  • Han, China
    Tuesday Jul 26, 146
    Imperial China (Qin and Han dynasties)

    Liang Ji poisoned Zhi

    Han, China
    Tuesday Jul 26, 146

    Liang Ji poisoned Zhi, killing him.




  • Rome
    Sunday Jul 29, 238
    Roman Empire

    Gordian III was proclaimed sole emperor

    Rome
    Sunday Jul 29, 238

    The situation for Pupienus and Balbinus, despite Maximinus' death, was doomed from the start with popular riots, military discontent and enormous fire that consumed Rome in June 238. On July 29, Pupienus and Balbinus were killed by the Praetorian Guard and Gordian was proclaimed sole emperor.




  • Roman Empire
    Jul, 276
    Roman Empire

    Florian

    Roman Empire
    Jul, 276

    After Tacitus died suddenly in July 276, allegedly as a consequence of a military plot, Florian swiftly proclaimed himself emperor and was recognized as such by the Roman Senate, and the western provinces.


  • River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285
    Roman Empire

    Battle of the Margus River

    River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285

    Carinus left Rome at once and set out for the east to meet Diocletian. On his way through Pannonia, he put down the usurper Sabinus Julianus and in July 285 he encountered the army of Diocletian at the Battle of the Margus River (the modern Morava River) in Moesia.


  • River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285
    Roman Empire

    Carinus died

    River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285

    Historians differ on what then ensued. At the Battle of the Margus, according to one account, the valor of his troops had gained the day, but Carinus was assassinated by a tribune whose wife he had seduced. Another account represents the battle as resulting in a complete victory for Diocletian and claims that Carinus' army deserted him. This account may be confirmed by the fact that Diocletian kept in service Carinus' Praetorian Guard commander, Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus.


  • Mediolanum (Present-Day Milan, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 30, 285
    Roman Empire

    Diocletian raised his fellow-officer Maximian to a co-emperor

    Mediolanum (Present-Day Milan, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 30, 285

    Conflict boiled in every province, from Gaul to Syria, Egypt to the lower Danube. It was too much for one person to control, and Diocletian needed a lieutenant. At some time in 285 at Mediolanum (Milan), Diocletian raised his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of caesar, making him co-emperor.


  • Tarsus, Roman Empire
    Jul, 313
    Roman Empire

    Maximinus Daza died

    Tarsus, Roman Empire
    Jul, 313

    Maximinus' death was variously ascribed "to despair, to poison, and to the divine justice". Based on descriptions of his death given by Eusebius, and Lactantius, as well as the appearance of Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Tetrarchic statue bust from Anthribis in Egypt, sometimes attributed to Maximinus, endocrinologist Peter D. Papapetrou has advanced a theory that Maximinus may have died from severe thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease.


  • Adrianople (Present-Day Edirne, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 3, 324
    Roman Empire

    Battle of Adrianople

    Adrianople (Present-Day Edirne, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 3, 324

    Then in 324, Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him and having defeated his army of 165,000 men at the Battle of Adrianople (3 July 324), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium.


  • Crete, Greece
    Saturday Jul 21, 356
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    365 Crete Earthquake

    Crete, Greece
    Saturday Jul 21, 356

    The 365 Crete earthquake occurred at about sunrise on 21 July 365 in the Eastern Mediterranean, with an assumed epicentre near Crete. Geologists today estimate the undersea earthquake to have been a magnitude 8.0 or higher. The Crete earthquake was followed by a tsunami which devastated the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, particularly Libya, Alexandria and the Nile Delta, killing thousands and hurling ships 3 km (1.9 mi) inland.


  • Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
    Thursday Jul 18, 452
    Huns

    Sack of Aquileia

    Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
    Thursday Jul 18, 452

    The Sack of Aquileia occurred in 452 and was carried out by the Huns under the leadership of Attila.


  • Pavia, Italy
    Wednesday Jul 10, 774
    Kingdom of the Lombards

    Charlemagne was King of the Lombards

    Pavia, Italy
    Wednesday Jul 10, 774

    Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was King of the Lombards from 774.


  • Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)
    Friday Jul 15, 850
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    850 Iran Earthquake

    Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)
    Friday Jul 15, 850

    850 Iran earthquake occurred on July 15, 850, in Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran), there were an estimated 45,000 deaths.


  • Aachen, East Francia
    Monday Jul 2, 936
    Holy Roman Empire

    Otto I king of Aachen (Germany (East Francia))

    Aachen, East Francia
    Monday Jul 2, 936

    Henry died in 936, but his descendants, the Liudolfing (or Ottonian) dynasty, would continue to rule the Eastern kingdom for roughly a century. Upon Henry the Fowler's death, Otto, his son and designated successor, was elected King in Aachen in 936. He overcame a series of revolts from a younger brother and from several dukes. After that, the king managed to control the appointment of dukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs.


  • Bulgaria
    Friday Jul 29, 1014
    Byzantine Empire

    Battle of Kleidion

    Bulgaria
    Friday Jul 29, 1014

    At the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 the Bulgarians were annihilated: their army was captured, and it is said that 99 out of every 100 men were blinded, with the hundredth man left with one eye so he could lead his compatriots home. When Tsar Samuil saw the broken remains of his once formidable army, he died of shock.


  • Göttingen, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 13, 1024
    Holy Roman Empire

    Henry II Died

    Göttingen, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 13, 1024

    Henry II died in 1024 and Conrad II, first of the Salian Dynasty, was elected king only after some debate among dukes and nobles. This group eventually developed into the college of Electors.


  • Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
    Sunday Jul 16, 1054
    Byzantine Empire

    Eastern and Western traditions of the Chalcedonian Christian Church reached a terminal crisis

    Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
    Sunday Jul 16, 1054

    In 1054, relations between the Eastern and Western traditions of the Chalcedonian Christian Church reached a terminal crisis, known as the East-West Schism. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on 16 July, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar, the so-called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation.


  • Dorylaeum (Present-Day Şarhöyük, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 1, 1097
    Crusades

    Battle of Dorylaeum

    Dorylaeum (Present-Day Şarhöyük, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 1, 1097

    The first experience of Turkish tactics occurred when a force led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at the Battle of Dorylaeum in July 1097. The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival of the main army caused a Turkish withdrawal.


  • Lisbon, Portugal
    Tuesday Jul 1, 1147
    Crusades

    Siege of Lisbon

    Lisbon, Portugal
    Tuesday Jul 1, 1147

    In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorized the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful siege of Lisbon was acquired from 1 July to 25 October 1147.


  • Damascus, Syria
    Wednesday Jul 28, 1148
    Crusades

    Siege of Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    Wednesday Jul 28, 1148

    Bad luck and poor tactics led to the disastrous five-day siege of Damascus from 24 to 28 July 1148.


  • Sirmium, Byzantine Empire
    Saturday Jul 8, 1167
    Byzantine Empire

    Battle of Sirmium

    Sirmium, Byzantine Empire
    Saturday Jul 8, 1167

    Despite this military setback, Manuel's armies successfully invaded the Southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1167, defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Sirmium.


  • Galilee
    Friday Jul 3, 1187
    Crusades

    Battle of Hattin

    Galilee
    Friday Jul 3, 1187

    The news of the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Hattin and the subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe.


  • Jaffa
    Monday Jul 27, 1192
    Crusades

    Battle of Jaffa

    Jaffa
    Monday Jul 27, 1192

    On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the battle of Jaffa, capturing the city. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat.


  • Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1250
    Mamluks

    Aybak was the first of the Mamluk sultans

    Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1250

    Izz al-Din Aybak was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic Bahri line.


  • Egypt
    Saturday Jul 3, 1277
    Mamluks

    Al-Said Barakah was the fifth of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt

    Egypt
    Saturday Jul 3, 1277

    Al-Said Barakah was a Mamluk Sultan who ruled from 1277 to 1279 after the death of his father Baibars. His mother was a daughter of Barka Khan, a former Khwarazmian amir.


  • Speyer, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Sunday Jul 15, 1291
    Holy Roman Empire

    Rudolf's death (Rudolf I of Germany)

    Speyer, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Sunday Jul 15, 1291

    After Rudolf's death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor. Adolf of Germany (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was Count of Nassau from about 1276 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298. He was never crowned by the Pope, which would have secured him the title of Holy Roman Emperor. He was the first physically and mentally healthy ruler of the Holy Roman Empire ever to be deposed without a papal excommunication. Adolf died shortly afterwards in the Battle of Göllheim fighting against his successor Albert of Habsburg. Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg, was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination.


  • Turkey
    Thursday Jul 27, 1302
    Ottoman Empire

    Battle of Bapheus

    Turkey
    Thursday Jul 27, 1302

    Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River. A Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Bapheus in 1302 contributed to Osman's rise as well. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbors, due to the lack of sources surviving from this period.


  • Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1399
    Mamluks

    An-Nasir Faraj was the second Sultan of the Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria

    Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1399

    Al-Nasir Faraj or Nasir-ad-Din Faraj also Faraj ibn Barquq was born in 1386 and succeeded his father Sayf-ad-Din Barquq as the second Sultan of the Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in July 1399.


  • Ankara, Ottoman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402
    Ottoman Empire

    Battle of Ankara

    Ankara, Ottoman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402

    In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder.


  • Anatolia, and Balkans
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402
    Ottoman Empire

    Ottoman Interregnum

    Anatolia, and Balkans
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402

    The ensuing civil war, also known as the Fetret Devri, lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power.


  • Piura, Peru
    Jul, 1532
    Inca Empire

    Pizarro then founded the city of Piura

    Piura, Peru
    Jul, 1532

    Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532.


  • Inca
    Jul, 1533
    Inca Empire

    Túpac Huallpa

    Inca
    Jul, 1533

    Túpac Huallpa (or Huallpa Túpac) (1510-October 1533), original name Auqui Huallpa Túpac, was the first vassal Inca Emperor installed by the Spanish conquistadors, during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire led by Francisco Pizarro.


  • Herceg Novi, Montenegro
    Jul, 1539
    Ottoman Empire

    Siege of Castelnuovo

    Herceg Novi, Montenegro
    Jul, 1539

    In 1539, a 60,000-strong Ottoman army besieged the Spanish garrison of Castelnuovo on the Adriatic coast; the successful siege cost the Ottomans 8,000 casualties, but Venice agreed to terms in 1540, surrendering most of its empire in the Aegean and the Morea. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies.


  • Esztergom, Hungary
    Sunday Jul 25, 1543
    Ottoman Empire

    Siege of Esztergom

    Esztergom, Hungary
    Sunday Jul 25, 1543

    A month before the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.


  • Holy Roman Empire
    Saturday Jul 25, 1564
    Holy Roman Empire

    Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

    Holy Roman Empire
    Saturday Jul 25, 1564

    After Ferdinand I died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it.


  • Cyprus
    Wednesday Jul 22, 1570
    Ottoman Empire

    Ottomans decided to conquer Venetian Cyprus

    Cyprus
    Wednesday Jul 22, 1570

    The Ottomans decided to conquer Venetian Cyprus and on 22 July 1570, Nicosia was besieged; 50,000 Christians died, and 180,000 were enslaved.


  • Rome, Papal States
    Saturday Jul 8, 1623
    Galileo Galilei

    Pope Gregory XV died and was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII

    Rome, Papal States
    Saturday Jul 8, 1623

    In 1623, Pope Gregory XV died and was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII who showed greater favor to Galileo, particularly after Galileo traveled to Rome to congratulate the new Pontiff.


  • Qing Empire (now China)
    Wednesday Jul 25, 1668
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    1668 Shandong Earthquake

    Qing Empire (now China)
    Wednesday Jul 25, 1668

    1668 Shandong earthquake occurred on July 25, 1668, in Qing Empire (now China), there were an estimated 42,571 deaths.


  • Poltava (Present-Day in Ukraine)
    Monday Jul 8, 1709
    Ottoman Empire

    Battle of Poltava

    Poltava (Present-Day in Ukraine)
    Monday Jul 8, 1709

    Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine (part of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721).


  • Passarowitz, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia "Požarevac, Serbia"
    Thursday Jul 21, 1718
    Ottoman Empire

    Treaty of Passarowitz

    Passarowitz, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia "Požarevac, Serbia"
    Thursday Jul 21, 1718

    After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718, the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia, and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe.


  • Carlsbad, Czech Republic
    Sunday Jul 7, 1720
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Bach's wife suddenly died

    Carlsbad, Czech Republic
    Sunday Jul 7, 1720

    On 7 July 1720, while Bach was away in Carlsbad with Prince Leopold, Bach's wife suddenly died.


  • Leipzig, Germany
    Tuesday Jul 28, 1750
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Bach Death

    Leipzig, Germany
    Tuesday Jul 28, 1750

    Bach died on 28 July 1750 from complications due to the unsuccessful treatment.


  • Near present-day Farmington and Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1754
    George Washington

    Washington's surrender

    Near present-day Farmington and Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1754

    The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and to colonel upon the death of the regimental commander. The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of 100 South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle (Battle of Fort Necessity) ended in Washington's surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy which he refused, with resignation of his commission.


  • Munich, Bavaria, Germany
    Jul, 1762
    Mozart

    The two prodigies in Munich

    Munich, Bavaria, Germany
    Jul, 1762

    While Wolfgang was young, his family made several European journeys in which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an exhibition in 1762 at the court of Prince-elector Maximilian III of Bavaria in Munich.


  • Rome, Italy
    Thursday Jul 26, 1770
    Mozart

    Receiving the Order of the Golden Spur

    Rome, Italy
    Thursday Jul 26, 1770

    Mozart went on tours of Italy as a teenager, accompanied by his father. During the first of these, Leopold and Wolfgang visited Rome (1770), where Pope Clement XIV conferred on Wolfgang the Order of the Golden Spur, a kind of honorary knighthood. Mozart earned his official insignia the next day, consisting of "a golden cross on a red sash, sword, and spurs," indicative of honorary knighthood.


  • Kaynardzha (Present-Day in Bulgaria)
    Thursday Jul 21, 1774
    Ottoman Empire

    Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

    Kaynardzha (Present-Day in Bulgaria)
    Thursday Jul 21, 1774

    This action (Battle of Balta) provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom of worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia.


  • Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
    Monday Jul 3, 1775
    George Washington

    Headquarters and inspected the new army

    Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
    Monday Jul 3, 1775

    Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia.


  • Staten Island, New York, U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 3, 1776
    George Washington

    The British forces began arriving on Staten Island

    Staten Island, New York, U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 3, 1776

    The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July 2 to lay siege to the city.


  • U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1776
    Flag of the United States

    Declaration of Independence

    U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1776

    At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as "the Continental Colors" has historically been referred to as the first national flag.


  • Salzburg, Austria
    Sunday Jul 21, 1776
    Mozart

    The Haffner Serenad

    Salzburg, Austria
    Sunday Jul 21, 1776

    Siegmund Haffner, approached them with a request for music for his sister’s wedding, Mozart happily obliged. Hard as we might imagine today, the resulting Haffner Serenade was planned to be played at Marie Elisabeth Haffner 's wedding on July 21, 1776 for talking, cooking, drinking guests. Once again, the Haffner Serenade is one of Mozart 's early achievements — a brilliant work, full of complexity and imagination, despite receiving little attention from the audience at its first performance.


  • Upstate New York, Vermont, U.S.
    Jul, 1777
    George Washington

    British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign

    Upstate New York, Vermont, U.S.
    Jul, 1777

    In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga with the objective of dividing New England, including control of the Hudson River. But General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany.


  • Paris, France
    Friday Jul 3, 1778
    Mozart

    His mother's death

    Paris, France
    Friday Jul 3, 1778

    After Mannheim, she had been unwell, complaining of a sore throat and ear infections, and while she was keen for them to move on, Leopold declined to countenance her return home, to recover there. Things quickly got worse in Paris. She began suffering from chills and a fever along with constant headaches and died on July 3.


  • Paris, France
    Monday Jul 13, 1778
    Mozart

    The Paris Symphony

    Paris, France
    Monday Jul 13, 1778

    On 12 June, his Symphony No. 31 in D — eventually nicknamed “The Paris Symphony” — newly written that month, was performed at the house of another local bigwig, Count Sickingen.


  • Philippines
    Jul, 1780
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    July 1780 Typhoon

    Philippines
    Jul, 1780

    July 1780 typhoon was a typhoon in Philippines. It began in July 1780. The death toll from this typhoon is estimated to be 100,000 people.


  • Burgtheater, Vienna, Austria
    Tuesday Jul 16, 1782
    Mozart

    The Abduction from the Harem

    Burgtheater, Vienna, Austria
    Tuesday Jul 16, 1782

    By 16 July 1782, the new opera, The Abduction from the Harem, was ready and it was premiered at the Burgtheater, in the presence of the emperor, netting Mozart a much-needed 100 ducats.


  • Caracas, Venezuela
    Thursday Jul 24, 1783
    Simón Bolívar

    Birth

    Caracas, Venezuela
    Thursday Jul 24, 1783

    Simón Bolívar was born in a house in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, on 24 July 1783.


  • Corsica, France
    Jul, 1792
    Napoleon

    Napoleon was promoted to captain

    Corsica, France
    Jul, 1792

    He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He was a supporter of the republican Jacobin movement, organizing clubs in Corsica, and was given command over a battalion of volunteers. Napoleon was promoted to captain in the regular army in July 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and leading a riot against French troops.


  • Beaucaire, France
    Jul, 1793
    Napoleon

    Le souper de Beaucaire

    Beaucaire, France
    Jul, 1793

    In July 1793, Bonaparte published a pro-republican pamphlet entitled Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire) which gained him the support of Augustin Robespierre, younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre.


  • U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 31, 1793
    George Washington

    Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet

    U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 31, 1793

    On July 31, 1793 Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet. Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794 and commissioned the first six federal frigates to combat Barbary pirates.


  • Mantua, Italy
    Monday Jul 4, 1796
    Napoleon

    Siege of Mantua

    Mantua, Italy
    Monday Jul 4, 1796

    The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli.


  • Alexandria, Egypt
    Sunday Jul 1, 1798
    Napoleon

    Napoleon landed at Alexandria

    Alexandria, Egypt
    Sunday Jul 1, 1798

    General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July.


  • U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1798
    George Washington

    Lieutenant General

    U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1798

    Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France, and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army. In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the "Quasi-War". Without consulting Washington, Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798 and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies.


  • U.S.
    Friday Jul 13, 1798
    George Washington

    Commanding General

    U.S.
    Friday Jul 13, 1798

    Washington served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798 until his death 17 months later.


  • Shubra Khit, Egypt
    Friday Jul 13, 1798
    Napoleon

    Battle of Shubra Khit

    Shubra Khit, Egypt
    Friday Jul 13, 1798

    Napoleon fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste.


  • Giza, Egypt
    Saturday Jul 21, 1798
    Napoleon

    Battle of the Pyramids

    Giza, Egypt
    Saturday Jul 21, 1798

    Napoleon fought on 21 July, the Battle of the Pyramids.


  • U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 9, 1799
    George Washington

    Washington finished making his last will

    U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 9, 1799

    On July 9, 1799, Washington finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery. All his slaves were to be freed after the death of his wife Martha. Washington said he did not free them immediately because his slaves intermarried with his wife's dower slaves. He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia. His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations. Washington freed more than 160 slaves, including 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother in payment of a debt freed by graduation. He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves.


  • Abu Qir, Egypt
    Thursday Jul 25, 1799
    Napoleon

    Battle of Abu Qir (1799)

    Abu Qir, Egypt
    Thursday Jul 25, 1799

    Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.


  • Off Cape Finisterre, Atlantic Ocean
    Monday Jul 22, 1805
    Napoleon

    Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)

    Off Cape Finisterre, Atlantic Ocean
    Monday Jul 22, 1805

    However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.


  • Paris, France
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Confederation of the Rhine

    Paris, France
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806

    Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine, a French satellite. Francis' House of Habsburg-Lorraine survived the demise of the empire, continuing to reign as Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. The Confederation of the Rhine ("Confederated States of the Rhine") was a confederation of client states of the First French Empire. It was formed initially from sixteen German states by Napoleon after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg, in effect, led to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, which lasted from 1806 to 1813.


  • Central Europe (Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland and Poland)
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806
    Napoleon

    Confederation of the Rhine

    Central Europe (Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland and Poland)
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806

    After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806.


  • Tilsit (Present Day Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)
    Tuesday Jul 7, 1807
    Napoleon

    Treaties of Tilsit

    Tilsit (Present Day Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)
    Tuesday Jul 7, 1807

    Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.


  • Bailén, Spain
    Saturday Jul 16, 1808
    Napoleon

    Battle of Bailén

    Bailén, Spain
    Saturday Jul 16, 1808

    The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bailén in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person.


  • Ottoman Empire
    Thursday Jul 28, 1808
    Muhammad Ali of Egypt

    Selim III was deposed and ultimately killed

    Ottoman Empire
    Thursday Jul 28, 1808

    Sultan Selim III (reigned 1789–1807) had recognized the need to reform and modernize the Ottoman military, along European lines, to ensure that his state could compete. Selim III, however, faced stiff local opposition from an entrenched clergy and military apparatus, especially from the Janissaries. Consequently, Selim III was deposed and ultimately killed in 1808.


  • Wagram, Austria
    Wednesday Jul 5, 1809
    Napoleon

    Battle of Wagram

    Wagram, Austria
    Wednesday Jul 5, 1809

    In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat.


  • Znojmo, Czech Republic
    Wednesday Jul 12, 1809
    Napoleon

    Armistice of Znaim

    Znojmo, Czech Republic
    Wednesday Jul 12, 1809

    The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.


  • Walcheren, Netherlands
    Sunday Jul 30, 1809
    Napoleon

    British army only landed at Walcheren

    Walcheren, Netherlands
    Sunday Jul 30, 1809

    In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated.


  • Venezuela
    Saturday Jul 25, 1812
    Simón Bolívar

    Agreement with Monteverde

    Venezuela
    Saturday Jul 25, 1812

    Miranda saw the republican cause as lost and signed a capitulation agreement with Monteverde on 25 July, an action that Bolívar and other revolutionary officers deemed treasonous. In one of Bolívar's most morally dubious acts, he and others arrested Miranda and handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army at the port of La Guaira.


  • Rochefort, France
    Saturday Jul 15, 1815
    Napoleon

    Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland

    Rochefort, France
    Saturday Jul 15, 1815

    Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, considering an escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on HMS Bellerophon on 15 July 1815.


  • Angostura, Venezuela
    Jul, 1817
    Simón Bolívar

    Bolívar captured Angostura after defeating the counter-attack of Miguel de la Torre

    Angostura, Venezuela
    Jul, 1817

    In July 1817, on a second expedition, Bolívar captured Angostura after defeating the counter-attack of Miguel de la Torre. However, Venezuela remained a captaincy of Spain after the victory in 1818 by Pablo Morillo in the Second Battle of La Puerta.


  • U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1819
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Illinois

    U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1819

    The flag was changed to have 21 stars, with a new star to be added for Illinois.


  • U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1820
    Flag of the United States

    23 Stars

    U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1820

    The flag was changed to have 23 stars. (for Alabama and Maine)


  • U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1822
    Flag of the United States

    24 Stars

    U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1822

    The flag was changed to have 24 stars. (for Missouri)


  • Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Friday Jul 26, 1822
    Simón Bolívar

    Guayaquil Conference

    Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Friday Jul 26, 1822

    On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolívar held the Guayaquil Conference with the Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the title of "Protector of Peruvian Freedom" in August 1821 after partially liberating Peru from the Spanish.


  • Peloponnese, Greece
    Jul, 1824
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese

    Peloponnese, Greece
    Jul, 1824

    Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on July 4, 1824, but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between Rhodes and Crete.


  • U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1827
    Sojourner Truth

    process of emancipating those people enslaved in New York was completed

    U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1827

    In 1799, the State of New York began to legislate the abolition of slavery, although the process of emancipating those people enslaved in New York was not complete until July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised to grant Truth her freedom a year before the state emancipation, "if she would do well and be faithful." However, he changed his mind, claiming a hand injury had made her less productive. She was infuriated but continued working, spinning 100 pounds of wool, to satisfy her sense of obligation to him.


  • Homs, Syria
    Friday Jul 8, 1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim defeated Ottoman army at Homs

    Homs, Syria
    Friday Jul 8, 1831

    He defeated the Ottoman army at Homs.


  • Belen, Hatay, Turkey
    Friday Jul 29, 1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim Pasha defeated Ottoman army at Beilan

    Belen, Hatay, Turkey
    Friday Jul 29, 1831

    Ibrahim defeated the Ottoman army at Beilan.


  • Ottoman Empire
    Monday Jul 8, 1833
    Muhammad Ali of Egypt

    Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi

    Ottoman Empire
    Monday Jul 8, 1833

    Despite this show, Muhammad Ali's goal was now to remove the current Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and replace him with the sultan's son, the infant Abdülmecid. This possibility so alarmed Mahmud II that he accepted Russia's offer of military aid resulting in the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi.


  • London, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jul 15, 1840
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    The Convention of London of 1840

    London, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jul 15, 1840

    It was signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia on one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other. The Convention lent some support to the Ottoman Empire, which was having difficulties with its Egyptian possessions.


  • U.S.
    Friday Jul 4, 1845
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Florida

    U.S.
    Friday Jul 4, 1845

    The flag was changed to have 27 stars. (for Florida)


  • U.S.
    Saturday Jul 4, 1846
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Texas

    U.S.
    Saturday Jul 4, 1846

    The flag was changed to have 28 stars. (for Texas)


  • U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1847
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Iowa

    U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1847

    The flag was changed to have 29 stars. (for Iowa)


  • U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1848
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Wisconsin

    U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1848

    The flag was changed to have 30 stars. (for Wisconsin)


  • Custoza, Sommacampagna, Verona, Italy
    Jul, 1848
    Unification of Italy

    Battle of Custoza

    Custoza, Sommacampagna, Verona, Italy
    Jul, 1848

    The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire, commanded by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia-Piedmont.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Jul, 1848
    German revolutions of 1848–1849

    Struggle for constitutional rights

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Jul, 1848

    Democrats of the Palatinate and across Germany considered the Baden-Palatinate insurrection to be part of the wider all-German struggle for constitutional rights. Franz Sigel, a second lieutenant in the Baden army, a democrat, and a supporter of the provisional government, developed a plan to protect the reform movement in Karlsruhe and the Palatinate.


  • Ireland
    Saturday Jul 29, 1848
    Revolutions of 1848

    Young Ireland rebellion

    Ireland
    Saturday Jul 29, 1848

    The Young Irelander Rebellion was a failed Irish nationalist uprising led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe. It took place on 29 July 1848 at Farranrory, a small settlement about 4.3 km north-northeast of the village of Ballingarry, South Tipperary.


  • Ireland
    Jul, 1848
    Revolutions of 1848

    The Young Ireland Party launched its rebellion

    Ireland
    Jul, 1848

    In response, the Young Ireland Party launched its rebellion in July 1848, gathering landlords and tenants to its cause.


  • Rome
    Friday Jul 18, 64
    Roman Empire

    Great Fire of Rome

    Rome
    Friday Jul 18, 64

    He believed himself a god and decided to build an opulent palace for himself. The so-called Domus Aurea, meaning golden house in Latin, was constructed atop the burnt remains of Rome after the Great Fire of Rome (64). Nero was ultimately responsible for the fire. By this time Nero was hugely unpopular despite his attempts to blame the Christians for most of his regime's problems.


  • Rome
    Monday Jul 1, 69
    Roman Empire

    Vespasian

    Rome
    Monday Jul 1, 69

    As a result of the Second Battle of Bedriacum, Vespasian became the fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years.


  • Baiae, Italy, Roman Empire (Present-Day Bacoli, Campania, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 10, 138
    Roman Empire

    Hadrian died

    Baiae, Italy, Roman Empire (Present-Day Bacoli, Campania, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 10, 138

    Hadrian died in the year 138 on 10 July, in his villa at Baiae at the age of 62.


  • Roman Empire
    Friday Jul 11, 138
    Roman Empire

    Antoninus Pius

    Roman Empire
    Friday Jul 11, 138

    Antoninus Pius's reign was comparatively peaceful; there were several military disturbances throughout the Empire in his time, in Mauretania, Judaea, and amongst the Brigantes in Britain, but none of them are considered serious.


  • Han, China
    Tuesday Jul 26, 146
    Imperial China (Qin and Han dynasties)

    Liang Ji poisoned Zhi

    Han, China
    Tuesday Jul 26, 146

    Liang Ji poisoned Zhi, killing him.


  • Rome
    Sunday Jul 29, 238
    Roman Empire

    Gordian III was proclaimed sole emperor

    Rome
    Sunday Jul 29, 238

    The situation for Pupienus and Balbinus, despite Maximinus' death, was doomed from the start with popular riots, military discontent and enormous fire that consumed Rome in June 238. On July 29, Pupienus and Balbinus were killed by the Praetorian Guard and Gordian was proclaimed sole emperor.


  • Roman Empire
    Jul, 276
    Roman Empire

    Florian

    Roman Empire
    Jul, 276

    After Tacitus died suddenly in July 276, allegedly as a consequence of a military plot, Florian swiftly proclaimed himself emperor and was recognized as such by the Roman Senate, and the western provinces.


  • River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285
    Roman Empire

    Battle of the Margus River

    River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285

    Carinus left Rome at once and set out for the east to meet Diocletian. On his way through Pannonia, he put down the usurper Sabinus Julianus and in July 285 he encountered the army of Diocletian at the Battle of the Margus River (the modern Morava River) in Moesia.


  • River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285
    Roman Empire

    Carinus died

    River Margus, Moesia
    Jul, 285

    Historians differ on what then ensued. At the Battle of the Margus, according to one account, the valor of his troops had gained the day, but Carinus was assassinated by a tribune whose wife he had seduced. Another account represents the battle as resulting in a complete victory for Diocletian and claims that Carinus' army deserted him. This account may be confirmed by the fact that Diocletian kept in service Carinus' Praetorian Guard commander, Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus.


  • Mediolanum (Present-Day Milan, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 30, 285
    Roman Empire

    Diocletian raised his fellow-officer Maximian to a co-emperor

    Mediolanum (Present-Day Milan, Italy)
    Thursday Jul 30, 285

    Conflict boiled in every province, from Gaul to Syria, Egypt to the lower Danube. It was too much for one person to control, and Diocletian needed a lieutenant. At some time in 285 at Mediolanum (Milan), Diocletian raised his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of caesar, making him co-emperor.


  • Tarsus, Roman Empire
    Jul, 313
    Roman Empire

    Maximinus Daza died

    Tarsus, Roman Empire
    Jul, 313

    Maximinus' death was variously ascribed "to despair, to poison, and to the divine justice". Based on descriptions of his death given by Eusebius, and Lactantius, as well as the appearance of Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Tetrarchic statue bust from Anthribis in Egypt, sometimes attributed to Maximinus, endocrinologist Peter D. Papapetrou has advanced a theory that Maximinus may have died from severe thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease.


  • Adrianople (Present-Day Edirne, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 3, 324
    Roman Empire

    Battle of Adrianople

    Adrianople (Present-Day Edirne, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 3, 324

    Then in 324, Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him and having defeated his army of 165,000 men at the Battle of Adrianople (3 July 324), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium.


  • Crete, Greece
    Saturday Jul 21, 356
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    365 Crete Earthquake

    Crete, Greece
    Saturday Jul 21, 356

    The 365 Crete earthquake occurred at about sunrise on 21 July 365 in the Eastern Mediterranean, with an assumed epicentre near Crete. Geologists today estimate the undersea earthquake to have been a magnitude 8.0 or higher. The Crete earthquake was followed by a tsunami which devastated the southern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, particularly Libya, Alexandria and the Nile Delta, killing thousands and hurling ships 3 km (1.9 mi) inland.


  • Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
    Thursday Jul 18, 452
    Huns

    Sack of Aquileia

    Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
    Thursday Jul 18, 452

    The Sack of Aquileia occurred in 452 and was carried out by the Huns under the leadership of Attila.


  • Pavia, Italy
    Wednesday Jul 10, 774
    Kingdom of the Lombards

    Charlemagne was King of the Lombards

    Pavia, Italy
    Wednesday Jul 10, 774

    Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was King of the Lombards from 774.


  • Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)
    Friday Jul 15, 850
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    850 Iran Earthquake

    Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)
    Friday Jul 15, 850

    850 Iran earthquake occurred on July 15, 850, in Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran), there were an estimated 45,000 deaths.


  • Aachen, East Francia
    Monday Jul 2, 936
    Holy Roman Empire

    Otto I king of Aachen (Germany (East Francia))

    Aachen, East Francia
    Monday Jul 2, 936

    Henry died in 936, but his descendants, the Liudolfing (or Ottonian) dynasty, would continue to rule the Eastern kingdom for roughly a century. Upon Henry the Fowler's death, Otto, his son and designated successor, was elected King in Aachen in 936. He overcame a series of revolts from a younger brother and from several dukes. After that, the king managed to control the appointment of dukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs.


  • Bulgaria
    Friday Jul 29, 1014
    Byzantine Empire

    Battle of Kleidion

    Bulgaria
    Friday Jul 29, 1014

    At the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 the Bulgarians were annihilated: their army was captured, and it is said that 99 out of every 100 men were blinded, with the hundredth man left with one eye so he could lead his compatriots home. When Tsar Samuil saw the broken remains of his once formidable army, he died of shock.


  • Göttingen, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 13, 1024
    Holy Roman Empire

    Henry II Died

    Göttingen, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 13, 1024

    Henry II died in 1024 and Conrad II, first of the Salian Dynasty, was elected king only after some debate among dukes and nobles. This group eventually developed into the college of Electors.


  • Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
    Sunday Jul 16, 1054
    Byzantine Empire

    Eastern and Western traditions of the Chalcedonian Christian Church reached a terminal crisis

    Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
    Sunday Jul 16, 1054

    In 1054, relations between the Eastern and Western traditions of the Chalcedonian Christian Church reached a terminal crisis, known as the East-West Schism. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on 16 July, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar, the so-called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation.


  • Dorylaeum (Present-Day Şarhöyük, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 1, 1097
    Crusades

    Battle of Dorylaeum

    Dorylaeum (Present-Day Şarhöyük, Turkey)
    Thursday Jul 1, 1097

    The first experience of Turkish tactics occurred when a force led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at the Battle of Dorylaeum in July 1097. The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival of the main army caused a Turkish withdrawal.


  • Lisbon, Portugal
    Tuesday Jul 1, 1147
    Crusades

    Siege of Lisbon

    Lisbon, Portugal
    Tuesday Jul 1, 1147

    In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorized the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful siege of Lisbon was acquired from 1 July to 25 October 1147.


  • Damascus, Syria
    Wednesday Jul 28, 1148
    Crusades

    Siege of Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    Wednesday Jul 28, 1148

    Bad luck and poor tactics led to the disastrous five-day siege of Damascus from 24 to 28 July 1148.


  • Sirmium, Byzantine Empire
    Saturday Jul 8, 1167
    Byzantine Empire

    Battle of Sirmium

    Sirmium, Byzantine Empire
    Saturday Jul 8, 1167

    Despite this military setback, Manuel's armies successfully invaded the Southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1167, defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Sirmium.


  • Galilee
    Friday Jul 3, 1187
    Crusades

    Battle of Hattin

    Galilee
    Friday Jul 3, 1187

    The news of the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Hattin and the subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe.


  • Jaffa
    Monday Jul 27, 1192
    Crusades

    Battle of Jaffa

    Jaffa
    Monday Jul 27, 1192

    On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the battle of Jaffa, capturing the city. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat.


  • Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1250
    Mamluks

    Aybak was the first of the Mamluk sultans

    Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1250

    Izz al-Din Aybak was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic Bahri line.


  • Egypt
    Saturday Jul 3, 1277
    Mamluks

    Al-Said Barakah was the fifth of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt

    Egypt
    Saturday Jul 3, 1277

    Al-Said Barakah was a Mamluk Sultan who ruled from 1277 to 1279 after the death of his father Baibars. His mother was a daughter of Barka Khan, a former Khwarazmian amir.


  • Speyer, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Sunday Jul 15, 1291
    Holy Roman Empire

    Rudolf's death (Rudolf I of Germany)

    Speyer, Germany, Holy Roman Empire
    Sunday Jul 15, 1291

    After Rudolf's death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor. Adolf of Germany (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was Count of Nassau from about 1276 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298. He was never crowned by the Pope, which would have secured him the title of Holy Roman Emperor. He was the first physically and mentally healthy ruler of the Holy Roman Empire ever to be deposed without a papal excommunication. Adolf died shortly afterwards in the Battle of Göllheim fighting against his successor Albert of Habsburg. Albert I of Germany (July 1255 – 1 May 1308), the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg, was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination.


  • Turkey
    Thursday Jul 27, 1302
    Ottoman Empire

    Battle of Bapheus

    Turkey
    Thursday Jul 27, 1302

    Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River. A Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Bapheus in 1302 contributed to Osman's rise as well. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbors, due to the lack of sources surviving from this period.


  • Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1399
    Mamluks

    An-Nasir Faraj was the second Sultan of the Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria

    Cairo, Egypt
    Jul, 1399

    Al-Nasir Faraj or Nasir-ad-Din Faraj also Faraj ibn Barquq was born in 1386 and succeeded his father Sayf-ad-Din Barquq as the second Sultan of the Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in July 1399.


  • Ankara, Ottoman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402
    Ottoman Empire

    Battle of Ankara

    Ankara, Ottoman Empire
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402

    In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder.


  • Anatolia, and Balkans
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402
    Ottoman Empire

    Ottoman Interregnum

    Anatolia, and Balkans
    Tuesday Jul 20, 1402

    The ensuing civil war, also known as the Fetret Devri, lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power.


  • Piura, Peru
    Jul, 1532
    Inca Empire

    Pizarro then founded the city of Piura

    Piura, Peru
    Jul, 1532

    Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532.


  • Inca
    Jul, 1533
    Inca Empire

    Túpac Huallpa

    Inca
    Jul, 1533

    Túpac Huallpa (or Huallpa Túpac) (1510-October 1533), original name Auqui Huallpa Túpac, was the first vassal Inca Emperor installed by the Spanish conquistadors, during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire led by Francisco Pizarro.


  • Herceg Novi, Montenegro
    Jul, 1539
    Ottoman Empire

    Siege of Castelnuovo

    Herceg Novi, Montenegro
    Jul, 1539

    In 1539, a 60,000-strong Ottoman army besieged the Spanish garrison of Castelnuovo on the Adriatic coast; the successful siege cost the Ottomans 8,000 casualties, but Venice agreed to terms in 1540, surrendering most of its empire in the Aegean and the Morea. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies.


  • Esztergom, Hungary
    Sunday Jul 25, 1543
    Ottoman Empire

    Siege of Esztergom

    Esztergom, Hungary
    Sunday Jul 25, 1543

    A month before the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.


  • Holy Roman Empire
    Saturday Jul 25, 1564
    Holy Roman Empire

    Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

    Holy Roman Empire
    Saturday Jul 25, 1564

    After Ferdinand I died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it.


  • Cyprus
    Wednesday Jul 22, 1570
    Ottoman Empire

    Ottomans decided to conquer Venetian Cyprus

    Cyprus
    Wednesday Jul 22, 1570

    The Ottomans decided to conquer Venetian Cyprus and on 22 July 1570, Nicosia was besieged; 50,000 Christians died, and 180,000 were enslaved.


  • Rome, Papal States
    Saturday Jul 8, 1623
    Galileo Galilei

    Pope Gregory XV died and was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII

    Rome, Papal States
    Saturday Jul 8, 1623

    In 1623, Pope Gregory XV died and was succeeded by Pope Urban VIII who showed greater favor to Galileo, particularly after Galileo traveled to Rome to congratulate the new Pontiff.


  • Qing Empire (now China)
    Wednesday Jul 25, 1668
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    1668 Shandong Earthquake

    Qing Empire (now China)
    Wednesday Jul 25, 1668

    1668 Shandong earthquake occurred on July 25, 1668, in Qing Empire (now China), there were an estimated 42,571 deaths.


  • Poltava (Present-Day in Ukraine)
    Monday Jul 8, 1709
    Ottoman Empire

    Battle of Poltava

    Poltava (Present-Day in Ukraine)
    Monday Jul 8, 1709

    Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine (part of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721).


  • Passarowitz, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia "Požarevac, Serbia"
    Thursday Jul 21, 1718
    Ottoman Empire

    Treaty of Passarowitz

    Passarowitz, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia "Požarevac, Serbia"
    Thursday Jul 21, 1718

    After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718, the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia, and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe.


  • Carlsbad, Czech Republic
    Sunday Jul 7, 1720
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Bach's wife suddenly died

    Carlsbad, Czech Republic
    Sunday Jul 7, 1720

    On 7 July 1720, while Bach was away in Carlsbad with Prince Leopold, Bach's wife suddenly died.


  • Leipzig, Germany
    Tuesday Jul 28, 1750
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Bach Death

    Leipzig, Germany
    Tuesday Jul 28, 1750

    Bach died on 28 July 1750 from complications due to the unsuccessful treatment.


  • Near present-day Farmington and Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1754
    George Washington

    Washington's surrender

    Near present-day Farmington and Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1754

    The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and to colonel upon the death of the regimental commander. The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of 100 South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle (Battle of Fort Necessity) ended in Washington's surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy which he refused, with resignation of his commission.


  • Munich, Bavaria, Germany
    Jul, 1762
    Mozart

    The two prodigies in Munich

    Munich, Bavaria, Germany
    Jul, 1762

    While Wolfgang was young, his family made several European journeys in which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an exhibition in 1762 at the court of Prince-elector Maximilian III of Bavaria in Munich.


  • Rome, Italy
    Thursday Jul 26, 1770
    Mozart

    Receiving the Order of the Golden Spur

    Rome, Italy
    Thursday Jul 26, 1770

    Mozart went on tours of Italy as a teenager, accompanied by his father. During the first of these, Leopold and Wolfgang visited Rome (1770), where Pope Clement XIV conferred on Wolfgang the Order of the Golden Spur, a kind of honorary knighthood. Mozart earned his official insignia the next day, consisting of "a golden cross on a red sash, sword, and spurs," indicative of honorary knighthood.


  • Kaynardzha (Present-Day in Bulgaria)
    Thursday Jul 21, 1774
    Ottoman Empire

    Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

    Kaynardzha (Present-Day in Bulgaria)
    Thursday Jul 21, 1774

    This action (Battle of Balta) provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom of worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia.


  • Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
    Monday Jul 3, 1775
    George Washington

    Headquarters and inspected the new army

    Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
    Monday Jul 3, 1775

    Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia.


  • Staten Island, New York, U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 3, 1776
    George Washington

    The British forces began arriving on Staten Island

    Staten Island, New York, U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 3, 1776

    The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July 2 to lay siege to the city.


  • U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1776
    Flag of the United States

    Declaration of Independence

    U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1776

    At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as "the Continental Colors" has historically been referred to as the first national flag.


  • Salzburg, Austria
    Sunday Jul 21, 1776
    Mozart

    The Haffner Serenad

    Salzburg, Austria
    Sunday Jul 21, 1776

    Siegmund Haffner, approached them with a request for music for his sister’s wedding, Mozart happily obliged. Hard as we might imagine today, the resulting Haffner Serenade was planned to be played at Marie Elisabeth Haffner 's wedding on July 21, 1776 for talking, cooking, drinking guests. Once again, the Haffner Serenade is one of Mozart 's early achievements — a brilliant work, full of complexity and imagination, despite receiving little attention from the audience at its first performance.


  • Upstate New York, Vermont, U.S.
    Jul, 1777
    George Washington

    British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign

    Upstate New York, Vermont, U.S.
    Jul, 1777

    In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga with the objective of dividing New England, including control of the Hudson River. But General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany.


  • Paris, France
    Friday Jul 3, 1778
    Mozart

    His mother's death

    Paris, France
    Friday Jul 3, 1778

    After Mannheim, she had been unwell, complaining of a sore throat and ear infections, and while she was keen for them to move on, Leopold declined to countenance her return home, to recover there. Things quickly got worse in Paris. She began suffering from chills and a fever along with constant headaches and died on July 3.


  • Paris, France
    Monday Jul 13, 1778
    Mozart

    The Paris Symphony

    Paris, France
    Monday Jul 13, 1778

    On 12 June, his Symphony No. 31 in D — eventually nicknamed “The Paris Symphony” — newly written that month, was performed at the house of another local bigwig, Count Sickingen.


  • Philippines
    Jul, 1780
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    July 1780 Typhoon

    Philippines
    Jul, 1780

    July 1780 typhoon was a typhoon in Philippines. It began in July 1780. The death toll from this typhoon is estimated to be 100,000 people.


  • Burgtheater, Vienna, Austria
    Tuesday Jul 16, 1782
    Mozart

    The Abduction from the Harem

    Burgtheater, Vienna, Austria
    Tuesday Jul 16, 1782

    By 16 July 1782, the new opera, The Abduction from the Harem, was ready and it was premiered at the Burgtheater, in the presence of the emperor, netting Mozart a much-needed 100 ducats.


  • Caracas, Venezuela
    Thursday Jul 24, 1783
    Simón Bolívar

    Birth

    Caracas, Venezuela
    Thursday Jul 24, 1783

    Simón Bolívar was born in a house in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela, on 24 July 1783.


  • Corsica, France
    Jul, 1792
    Napoleon

    Napoleon was promoted to captain

    Corsica, France
    Jul, 1792

    He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He was a supporter of the republican Jacobin movement, organizing clubs in Corsica, and was given command over a battalion of volunteers. Napoleon was promoted to captain in the regular army in July 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and leading a riot against French troops.


  • Beaucaire, France
    Jul, 1793
    Napoleon

    Le souper de Beaucaire

    Beaucaire, France
    Jul, 1793

    In July 1793, Bonaparte published a pro-republican pamphlet entitled Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire) which gained him the support of Augustin Robespierre, younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre.


  • U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 31, 1793
    George Washington

    Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet

    U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 31, 1793

    On July 31, 1793 Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet. Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794 and commissioned the first six federal frigates to combat Barbary pirates.


  • Mantua, Italy
    Monday Jul 4, 1796
    Napoleon

    Siege of Mantua

    Mantua, Italy
    Monday Jul 4, 1796

    The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli.


  • Alexandria, Egypt
    Sunday Jul 1, 1798
    Napoleon

    Napoleon landed at Alexandria

    Alexandria, Egypt
    Sunday Jul 1, 1798

    General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July.


  • U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1798
    George Washington

    Lieutenant General

    U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1798

    Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France, and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army. In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the "Quasi-War". Without consulting Washington, Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798 and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies.


  • U.S.
    Friday Jul 13, 1798
    George Washington

    Commanding General

    U.S.
    Friday Jul 13, 1798

    Washington served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798 until his death 17 months later.


  • Shubra Khit, Egypt
    Friday Jul 13, 1798
    Napoleon

    Battle of Shubra Khit

    Shubra Khit, Egypt
    Friday Jul 13, 1798

    Napoleon fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste.


  • Giza, Egypt
    Saturday Jul 21, 1798
    Napoleon

    Battle of the Pyramids

    Giza, Egypt
    Saturday Jul 21, 1798

    Napoleon fought on 21 July, the Battle of the Pyramids.


  • U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 9, 1799
    George Washington

    Washington finished making his last will

    U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 9, 1799

    On July 9, 1799, Washington finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery. All his slaves were to be freed after the death of his wife Martha. Washington said he did not free them immediately because his slaves intermarried with his wife's dower slaves. He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia. His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations. Washington freed more than 160 slaves, including 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother in payment of a debt freed by graduation. He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves.


  • Abu Qir, Egypt
    Thursday Jul 25, 1799
    Napoleon

    Battle of Abu Qir (1799)

    Abu Qir, Egypt
    Thursday Jul 25, 1799

    Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.


  • Off Cape Finisterre, Atlantic Ocean
    Monday Jul 22, 1805
    Napoleon

    Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)

    Off Cape Finisterre, Atlantic Ocean
    Monday Jul 22, 1805

    However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.


  • Paris, France
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Confederation of the Rhine

    Paris, France
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806

    Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine, a French satellite. Francis' House of Habsburg-Lorraine survived the demise of the empire, continuing to reign as Emperors of Austria and Kings of Hungary until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. The Confederation of the Rhine ("Confederated States of the Rhine") was a confederation of client states of the First French Empire. It was formed initially from sixteen German states by Napoleon after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg, in effect, led to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, which lasted from 1806 to 1813.


  • Central Europe (Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland and Poland)
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806
    Napoleon

    Confederation of the Rhine

    Central Europe (Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland and Poland)
    Saturday Jul 12, 1806

    After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806.


  • Tilsit (Present Day Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)
    Tuesday Jul 7, 1807
    Napoleon

    Treaties of Tilsit

    Tilsit (Present Day Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia)
    Tuesday Jul 7, 1807

    Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.


  • Bailén, Spain
    Saturday Jul 16, 1808
    Napoleon

    Battle of Bailén

    Bailén, Spain
    Saturday Jul 16, 1808

    The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bailén in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person.


  • Ottoman Empire
    Thursday Jul 28, 1808
    Muhammad Ali of Egypt

    Selim III was deposed and ultimately killed

    Ottoman Empire
    Thursday Jul 28, 1808

    Sultan Selim III (reigned 1789–1807) had recognized the need to reform and modernize the Ottoman military, along European lines, to ensure that his state could compete. Selim III, however, faced stiff local opposition from an entrenched clergy and military apparatus, especially from the Janissaries. Consequently, Selim III was deposed and ultimately killed in 1808.


  • Wagram, Austria
    Wednesday Jul 5, 1809
    Napoleon

    Battle of Wagram

    Wagram, Austria
    Wednesday Jul 5, 1809

    In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat.


  • Znojmo, Czech Republic
    Wednesday Jul 12, 1809
    Napoleon

    Armistice of Znaim

    Znojmo, Czech Republic
    Wednesday Jul 12, 1809

    The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.


  • Walcheren, Netherlands
    Sunday Jul 30, 1809
    Napoleon

    British army only landed at Walcheren

    Walcheren, Netherlands
    Sunday Jul 30, 1809

    In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated.


  • Venezuela
    Saturday Jul 25, 1812
    Simón Bolívar

    Agreement with Monteverde

    Venezuela
    Saturday Jul 25, 1812

    Miranda saw the republican cause as lost and signed a capitulation agreement with Monteverde on 25 July, an action that Bolívar and other revolutionary officers deemed treasonous. In one of Bolívar's most morally dubious acts, he and others arrested Miranda and handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army at the port of La Guaira.


  • Rochefort, France
    Saturday Jul 15, 1815
    Napoleon

    Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland

    Rochefort, France
    Saturday Jul 15, 1815

    Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to Rochefort, considering an escape to the United States. British ships were blocking every port. Napoleon surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland on HMS Bellerophon on 15 July 1815.


  • Angostura, Venezuela
    Jul, 1817
    Simón Bolívar

    Bolívar captured Angostura after defeating the counter-attack of Miguel de la Torre

    Angostura, Venezuela
    Jul, 1817

    In July 1817, on a second expedition, Bolívar captured Angostura after defeating the counter-attack of Miguel de la Torre. However, Venezuela remained a captaincy of Spain after the victory in 1818 by Pablo Morillo in the Second Battle of La Puerta.


  • U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1819
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Illinois

    U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1819

    The flag was changed to have 21 stars, with a new star to be added for Illinois.


  • U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1820
    Flag of the United States

    23 Stars

    U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1820

    The flag was changed to have 23 stars. (for Alabama and Maine)


  • U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1822
    Flag of the United States

    24 Stars

    U.S.
    Thursday Jul 4, 1822

    The flag was changed to have 24 stars. (for Missouri)


  • Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Friday Jul 26, 1822
    Simón Bolívar

    Guayaquil Conference

    Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Friday Jul 26, 1822

    On 26 and 27 July 1822, Bolívar held the Guayaquil Conference with the Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the title of "Protector of Peruvian Freedom" in August 1821 after partially liberating Peru from the Spanish.


  • Peloponnese, Greece
    Jul, 1824
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese

    Peloponnese, Greece
    Jul, 1824

    Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on July 4, 1824, but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between Rhodes and Crete.


  • U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1827
    Sojourner Truth

    process of emancipating those people enslaved in New York was completed

    U.S.
    Wednesday Jul 4, 1827

    In 1799, the State of New York began to legislate the abolition of slavery, although the process of emancipating those people enslaved in New York was not complete until July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised to grant Truth her freedom a year before the state emancipation, "if she would do well and be faithful." However, he changed his mind, claiming a hand injury had made her less productive. She was infuriated but continued working, spinning 100 pounds of wool, to satisfy her sense of obligation to him.


  • Homs, Syria
    Friday Jul 8, 1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim defeated Ottoman army at Homs

    Homs, Syria
    Friday Jul 8, 1831

    He defeated the Ottoman army at Homs.


  • Belen, Hatay, Turkey
    Friday Jul 29, 1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim Pasha defeated Ottoman army at Beilan

    Belen, Hatay, Turkey
    Friday Jul 29, 1831

    Ibrahim defeated the Ottoman army at Beilan.


  • Ottoman Empire
    Monday Jul 8, 1833
    Muhammad Ali of Egypt

    Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi

    Ottoman Empire
    Monday Jul 8, 1833

    Despite this show, Muhammad Ali's goal was now to remove the current Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and replace him with the sultan's son, the infant Abdülmecid. This possibility so alarmed Mahmud II that he accepted Russia's offer of military aid resulting in the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi.


  • London, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jul 15, 1840
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    The Convention of London of 1840

    London, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jul 15, 1840

    It was signed on 15 July 1840 between the Great Powers of the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia on one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other. The Convention lent some support to the Ottoman Empire, which was having difficulties with its Egyptian possessions.


  • U.S.
    Friday Jul 4, 1845
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Florida

    U.S.
    Friday Jul 4, 1845

    The flag was changed to have 27 stars. (for Florida)


  • U.S.
    Saturday Jul 4, 1846
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Texas

    U.S.
    Saturday Jul 4, 1846

    The flag was changed to have 28 stars. (for Texas)


  • U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1847
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Iowa

    U.S.
    Sunday Jul 4, 1847

    The flag was changed to have 29 stars. (for Iowa)


  • U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1848
    Flag of the United States

    Star for Wisconsin

    U.S.
    Tuesday Jul 4, 1848

    The flag was changed to have 30 stars. (for Wisconsin)


  • Custoza, Sommacampagna, Verona, Italy
    Jul, 1848
    Unification of Italy

    Battle of Custoza

    Custoza, Sommacampagna, Verona, Italy
    Jul, 1848

    The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire, commanded by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia-Piedmont.


  • Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Jul, 1848
    German revolutions of 1848–1849

    Struggle for constitutional rights

    Central Europe (Present-Day Germany)
    Jul, 1848

    Democrats of the Palatinate and across Germany considered the Baden-Palatinate insurrection to be part of the wider all-German struggle for constitutional rights. Franz Sigel, a second lieutenant in the Baden army, a democrat, and a supporter of the provisional government, developed a plan to protect the reform movement in Karlsruhe and the Palatinate.


  • Ireland
    Saturday Jul 29, 1848
    Revolutions of 1848

    Young Ireland rebellion

    Ireland
    Saturday Jul 29, 1848

    The Young Irelander Rebellion was a failed Irish nationalist uprising led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe. It took place on 29 July 1848 at Farranrory, a small settlement about 4.3 km north-northeast of the village of Ballingarry, South Tipperary.


  • Ireland
    Jul, 1848
    Revolutions of 1848

    The Young Ireland Party launched its rebellion

    Ireland
    Jul, 1848

    In response, the Young Ireland Party launched its rebellion in July 1848, gathering landlords and tenants to its cause.


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