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  • United Kingdom
    43
    Roman Empire

    Conquest of Britannia

    United Kingdom
    43

    In 43, Claudius resumed the Roman conquest of Britannia that Julius Caesar had begun in the 50s BC, and incorporated more Eastern provinces into the empire.




  • United Kingdom
    119
    Roman Empire

    Major rebellion in Britannia

    United Kingdom
    119

    Prior to Hadrian's arrival in Britannia, the province had suffered a major rebellion, from 119 to 121. Inscriptions tell of an expeditio Britannica that involved major troop movements, including the dispatch of a detachment (vexillatio), comprising some 3,000 soldiers. Fronto writes about military losses in Britannia at the time.




  • United Kingdom
    122
    Roman Empire

    Hadrian had concluded his visit to Britannia

    United Kingdom
    122

    A shrine was erected in York to Britannia as the divine personification of Britain; coins were struck, bearing her image, identified as BRITANNIA. By the end of 122, Hadrian had concluded his visit to Britannia. He never saw the finished wall that bears his name.




  • United Kingdom
    122
    Roman Empire

    Hadrian's Wall

    United Kingdom
    122

    Coin legends of 119–120 attest that Quintus Pompeius Falco was sent to restore order. In 122 Hadrian initiated the construction of a wall, "to separate Romans from barbarians". The idea that the wall was built in order to deal with an actual threat or its resurgence, however, is probable but nevertheless conjectural.




  • Eboracum, Roman Empire (Present-Day in York, England, United Kingdom)
    Monday Feb 4, 211
    Roman Empire

    Septimius Severus died

    Eboracum, Roman Empire (Present-Day in York, England, United Kingdom)
    Monday Feb 4, 211

    Severus is famously said to have given the advice to his sons: "Be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, scorn all others" before he died on 4 February 211. On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta, who were advised by his wife Julia Domna. Severus was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. His remains are now lost.




  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1016
    The palace of Westminster England

    Old Palace

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1016

    The Palace of Westminster site was strategically important during the Middle Ages, as it was located on the banks of the River Thames. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a royal residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, built a royal palace on Thorney Island just west of the City of London at about the same time as he built Westminster Abbey (1045–1050). Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster (a contraction of the words West Minster). Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive. The oldest existing part of the Palace (Westminster Hall) dates from the reign of William I's successor, King William II.




  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1097
    The palace of Westminster England

    Westminster Hall erected

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1097

    Westminster Hall, the oldest existing part of the Palace of Westminster, was erected in 1097 by King William II ('William Rufus'), at which point it was the largest hall in Europe.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    13th Century
    The palace of Westminster England

    Painted Chamber

    London, England, United Kingdom
    13th Century

    Because it was originally a royal residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had been originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III.


  • England, U.K.
    13th Century
    Coverture

    Beginning of a Law

    England, U.K.
    13th Century

    The system of feme sole and feme covert developed in England in the High and Late Middle Ages as part of the common law system, which had its origins in the legal reforms of Henry II and other medieval English kings.


  • Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    Tuesday Jan 20, 1265
    The palace of Westminster England

    Simon de Montfort's parliament

    Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    Tuesday Jan 20, 1265

    The Palace of Westminster was the monarch's principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis (Royal Council), met in Westminster Hall (although it followed the King when he moved to other palaces). Simon de Montfort's parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265.


  • Berkhamsted Castle, Hertfordshire, England
    Saturday Apr 2, 1272
    Holy Roman Empire

    Richard's death (Richard of Cornwall)

    Berkhamsted Castle, Hertfordshire, England
    Saturday Apr 2, 1272

    After Richard's death (Richard of Cornwall) in 1272, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor.


  • Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1295
    The palace of Westminster England

    Model Parliament

    Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1295

    The "Model Parliament", the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295.


  • England, U.K.
    1340s
    Coverture

    Darcy's London Custumal

    England, U.K.
    1340s

    The extent of coverture in medieval England has also been qualified by the existence of femme sole customs that existed in some medieval English towns. This granted them independent commercial and legal rights as if they were single. This practice is outlined in Darcy's London custumal of the 1340s, allowing married women working independently of their husband to act as a single woman in all matters concerning her craft, such as renting a shop and suing and being sued for a debt.


  • United Kingdom and Ireland
    1348
    Plague

    The Black Death arrives at Melcombe Regis in the south of England

    United Kingdom and Ireland
    1348

    The Black Death arrives at Melcombe Regis in the south of England. Over the next year, the plague spreads into Wales, Ireland and Northern England. By 1350, the plague reaches Scotland. The estimated death toll for the British Isles and Ireland is calculated at 3.2 million.


  • Londen, United Kingdom
    1382
    Valentine's Day

    Chaucer's poetry about "Valentine's Day"

    Londen, United Kingdom
    1382

    The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in Chaucer’s Parliament of Fowls (1382), a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates. Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia.


  • England
    1390s
    April Fools' Day

    Nun's Priest's Tale

    England
    1390s

    In the "Nun's Priest's Tale", a vain cock Chauntecleer is tricked by a fox on Syn March bigan thritty dayes and two. Readers apparently understood this line to mean "32 March", i.e. April 1.


  • England
    1390s
    April Fools' Day

    Nun's Priest's Tale

    England
    1390s

    However, it is not clear that Chaucer was referencing April 1, since the text of the "Nun's Priest's Tale" also states that the story takes place on the day when the sun is in the signe of Taurus had y-runne Twenty degrees and one, which cannot be April 1.


  • England
    1392
    April Fools' Day

    Origins

    England
    1392

    A disputed association between April 1 and foolishness is in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1392).


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1393
    The palace of Westminster England

    The new roof was commissioned

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1393

    The roof Westminster Hall was probably originally supported by pillars, giving three aisles, but during the reign of King Richard II, this was replaced by a hammerbeam roof by the royal carpenter Hugh Herland, "the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture", which allowed the original three aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space, with a dais at the end. The new roof was commissioned in 1393.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    15th Century
    Buckingham Palace

    Manor of Ebury

    London, England, United Kingdom
    15th Century

    In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.


  • Tower of London, London, United Kingdom
    1415
    Valentine's Day

    A Farewell To Love by Charles, the Duke of Orléans

    Tower of London, London, United Kingdom
    1415

    Imprisoned in the Tower of London, the french duke wrote what’s believed to be the earliest Valentine’s Day letter. Intended for his wife, the piece is titled A Farewell To Love.


  • Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    1437
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Birth

    Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    1437

    Elizabeth Woodville was born about 1437, possibly in October, at Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire. She was the firstborn child of a socially unequal marriage between Sir Richard Woodville and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, which briefly scandalised the English court.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1452
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Marriage

    England, United Kingdom
    1452

    In about 1452, Elizabeth Woodville married Sir John Grey of Groby, the heir to the Barony Ferrers of Groby.


  • St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom
    1461
    Elizabeth Woodville

    John was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans

    St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom
    1461

    John was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans in 1461, fighting for the Lancastrian cause.


  • Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    Sunday May 1, 1464
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Edward IV married Elizabeth

    Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    Sunday May 1, 1464

    Edward IV had many mistresses, the best known of them being Jane Shore, and he did not have a reputation for fidelity. His marriage to the widowed Elizabeth Woodville took place secretly and, though the date is not known, it is traditionally said to have taken place at her family home in Northamptonshire on 1 May 1464.


  • Westminster Abbey, London, England, United Kingdom
    Friday May 26, 1465
    Elizabeth Woodville

    A Queen

    Westminster Abbey, London, England, United Kingdom
    Friday May 26, 1465

    Only the bride's mother and two ladies were in attendance. Edward married her just over three years after he had assumed the English throne in the wake of his overwhelming victory over the Lancastrians, at the Battle of Towton, which resulted in the displacement of King Henry VI. Elizabeth Woodville was crowned queen on 26 May 1465, the Sunday after Ascension Day.


  • United Kingdom
    1460s
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Early years of Edward IV reign

    United Kingdom
    1460s

    In the early years of his reign, Edward IV's governance of England was dependent upon a small circle of supporters, most notably his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. At around the time of Edward IV's secret marriage, Warwick was negotiating an alliance with France in an effort to thwart a similar arrangement being made by his sworn enemy Margaret of Anjou, wife of the deposed Henry VI. The plan was that Edward IV should marry a French princess. When his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, who was both a commoner and from a family of Lancastrian supporters became public, Warwick was both embarrassed and offended, and his relationship with Edward IV never recovered. The match was also badly received by the Privy Council, who according to Jean de Waurin told Edward with great frankness that "he must know that she was no wife for a prince such as himself".


  • United Kingdom
    1460s
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Relatives

    United Kingdom
    1460s

    With the arrival on the scene of the new queen came many relatives, some of whom married into the most notable families in England. Three of her sisters married the sons of the earls of Kent, Essex and Pembroke. Another sister, Catherine Woodville, married the queen's 11-year-old ward Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who later joined Edward IV's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, in opposition to the Woodvilles after the death of Edward IV. Elizabeth's 20-year-old brother John married Katherine, Duchess of Norfolk. The Duchess had been widowed three times and was probably in her sixties, so that the marriage created a scandal at court. Elizabeth's son from her first marriage, Thomas Grey, married Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington.


  • United Kingdom
    Apr, 1483
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Elizabeth Woodville became queen dowager

    United Kingdom
    Apr, 1483

    Following Edward IV's sudden death, possibly from pneumonia, in April 1483, Elizabeth Woodville became queen dowager. Her young son, Edward V, became king, with his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, acting as Lord Protector. In response to the Woodvilles' attempt to monopolise power, Gloucester quickly moved to take control of the young king and had the king's uncle Earl Rivers and half-brother Richard Grey, son to Elizabeth, arrested. The young king was transferred to the Tower of London to await the coronation. With her younger son and daughters, Elizabeth again sought sanctuary. Lord Hastings, the late king's leading supporter in London, initially endorsed Gloucester's actions, but Gloucester then accused him of conspiring with Elizabeth Woodville against him. Hastings was summarily executed. Whether any such conspiracy really occurred is not known.


  • Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Jun 25, 1483
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Execution in Pontefract Castle

    Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Jun 25, 1483

    On 25 June 1483, Gloucester had Elizabeth Woodville's son Richard Grey and brother Anthony, Earl Rivers, executed in Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire. By an act of Parliament, the Titulus Regius (1 Ric. III), it was declared that Edward IV's children with Elizabeth were illegitimate on the grounds that Edward IV had a precontract with the widow Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid. One source, the Burgundian chronicler Philippe de Commines, says that Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried out an engagement ceremony between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor.


  • United Kingdom
    1480s
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Dame Elizabeth Grey

    United Kingdom
    1480s

    Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she, with Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (née Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity.


  • United Kingdom
    Jan, 1484
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Richard III's first Parliament

    United Kingdom
    Jan, 1484

    Richard III's first Parliament of January 1484 stripped Elizabeth of all the lands given to her during Edward IV's reign.


  • United Kingdom
    Saturday Mar 1, 1484
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Elizabeth and her daughters came out of sanctuary after Richard III publicly swore an oath that her daughters would not be harmed

    United Kingdom
    Saturday Mar 1, 1484

    On 1 March 1484, Elizabeth and her daughters came out of sanctuary after Richard III publicly swore an oath that her daughters would not be harmed or molested and that they would not be imprisoned in the Tower of London or in any other prison. He also promised to provide them with marriage portions and to marry them to "gentlemen born". The family returned to Court, apparently reconciled to Richard III.


  • United Kingdom
    Mar, 1485
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Rumors arose

    United Kingdom
    Mar, 1485

    After the death of Richard III's wife Anne Neville, in March 1485, rumors arose that the newly widowed king was going to marry his beautiful and young niece Elizabeth of York.


  • Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Aug 22, 1485
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Battle of Bosworth Field

    Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Aug 22, 1485

    In 1485, Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As King, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York and had the Titulus Regius revoked and all found copies destroyed. Elizabeth Woodville was accorded the title and honours of a queen dowager.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Feb 12, 1487
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Retired

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Feb 12, 1487

    Dowager Queen Elizabeth spent the last five years of her life living at Bermondsey Abbey, to which she retired on 12 February 1487.


  • Westminster Palace, London, England, United Kingdom
    Jun, 1491
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Elizabeth was present at the birth of her granddaughter Margaret

    Westminster Palace, London, England, United Kingdom
    Jun, 1491

    At Bermondsey Abbey, Elizabeth was treated with the respect due to a dowager queen. She lived a regal life on a pension of £400 and received small gifts from Henry VII. Elizabeth was present at the birth of her granddaughter Margaret at Westminster Palace in November 1489 and at the birth of her grandson, the future Henry VIII, at Greenwich Palace in June 1491.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jun 8, 1492
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Death

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jun 8, 1492

    Elizabeth Woodville died at Bermondsey Abbey, on 8 June 1492.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1512
    The palace of Westminster England

    Fire destroyed the royal residential

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1512

    In 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential ("privy") area of the palace.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1531
    Buckingham Palace

    Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1531

    In 1531, Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James, which became St James's Palace, from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1534
    The palace of Westminster England

    Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1534

    In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a powerful minister who had lost the King's favor. Renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various royal law courts.


  • United Kingdom
    1536
    Thanksgiving

    Reducing Church holidays

    United Kingdom
    1536

    In the English tradition, days of thanksgiving and special thanksgiving religious services became important during the English Reformation in the reign of Henry VIII and in reaction to a large number of religious holidays on the Catholic calendar. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, when people were required to attend church and forego work and sometimes pay for expensive celebrations. The 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, in response to events that the Puritans viewed as acts of special providence. Unexpected disasters or threats of judgment from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving. For example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plagues in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and following the deliverance of Queen Anne in 1705. An unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and developed into Guy Fawkes Day on November 5.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1547
    The palace of Westminster England

    The House of Commons

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1547

    The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, sometimes held its debates in the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey. The Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephen's Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI. In 1547 the building became available for the Commons' use following the disbanding of St Stephen's College. Alterations were made to St Stephen's Chapel over the following three centuries for the convenience of the lower House, gradually destroying, or covering up, its original mediaeval appearance. A major renovation project undertaken by Christopher Wren in the late 17th century completely redesigned the building's interior.


  • Winchester, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
    1554
    Holy Roman Empire

    Philip II married Queen Mary of England

    Winchester, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
    1554

    Charles V continued to battle the French and the Protestant princes in Germany for much of his reign. After his son Philip II married Queen Mary of England, it appeared that France would be completely surrounded by Habsburg domains, but this hope proved unfounded when the marriage produced no children.


  • Grantham, Lincolnshire, England
    1598
    Libraries

    Francis Trigge Chained Library

    Grantham, Lincolnshire, England
    1598

    The 17th and 18th centuries include what is known as a golden age of libraries; during this some of the more important libraries were founded in Europe. Francis Trigge Chained Library of St. Wulfram's Church, Grantham, Lincolnshire was founded in 1598 by the rector of nearby Welbourne.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    17th Century
    The palace of Westminster England

    Central Lobby

    London, England, United Kingdom
    17th Century

    Continuing north from the Central Lobby is the Commons' Corridor. It is of almost identical design to its southern counterpart and is decorated with scenes of 17th-century political history between the Civil War and the Revolution of 1688. They were painted by Edward Matthew Ward and include subjects like Monk Declaring for a Free Parliament and The Lords and Commons Presenting the Crown to William III and Mary II in the Banqueting Hall. Then, mirroring the arrangement at the Lords part of the Palace, is another antechamber, the Members' Lobby. In this room, Members of Parliament hold discussions or negotiations, and are often interviewed by accredited journalists, collectively known as "The Lobby".


  • London, United Kingdom
    1600s
    Valentine's Day

    Shakespeare mentions Saint Valentine's Day

    London, United Kingdom
    1600s

    Shakespeare mentions Saint Valentine's Day in Ophelia’s lament in Hamlet, where he referred to the superstition that if two single people meet on the morning of Saint Valentine's Day they will likely get married: To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day, All in the morning betime, And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine.


  • Broad Street, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
    1602
    Libraries

    Bodleian Library

    Broad Street, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
    1602

    Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleian Library, which was open to the "whole republic of the learned".


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1605
    The palace of Westminster England

    Failed Gunpowder Plot

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1605

    The failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a conspiracy among a group of Roman Catholic gentry to re-establish Catholicism in England by assassinating the Protestant King James I and replacing him with a Catholic monarch. To this end, they placed large quantities of gunpowder beneath the House of Lords, which one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, would detonate during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605.


  • London, England
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605
    The palace of Westminster England

    The Gunpowder Plot

    London, England
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605

    The medieval House of Lords chamber, which had been the target of the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, was demolished as part of this work in order to create a new Royal Gallery and ceremonial entrance at the southern end of the palace.


  • United Kingdom
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605
    Halloween

    Guy Fawkes Night

    United Kingdom
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605

    The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotland.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Oct 29, 1618
    The palace of Westminster England

    Sir Walter Raleigh was executed

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Oct 29, 1618

    Sir Walter Raleigh was executed at the Palace of Westminster on 29 October 1618.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1624
    Buckingham Palace

    First house erected within the site

    England, United Kingdom
    1624

    Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1640
    Penicillin

    The idea of using mold as a form of medical treatment was recorded by apothecaries

    England, United Kingdom
    1640

    In England in 1640, the idea of using mold as a form of medical treatment was recorded by apothecaries such as John Parkinson, King's Herbarian, who advocated the use of mold in his book on pharmacology.


  • England, France and Netherlands
    2nd Millenium
    Chocolate

    The expansion of the cacao beans Pantation

    England, France and Netherlands
    2nd Millenium

    The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 17th and late 19th centuries the laborious and slow processing of the cacao bean was manual. Cacao plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa beans production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves.


  • Manchester, England, United Kingdom
    1653
    Libraries

    Chetham's Library (the oldest public library in the English-speaking world)

    Manchester, England, United Kingdom
    1653

    Chetham's Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653.


  • United Kingdom
    1665
    Plague

    Great Plague of London

    United Kingdom
    1665

    Great Plague of London. 100,000 people are killed within 18 months.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1674
    Buckingham Palace

    Henry Bennet constructed Arlington House on the site

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1674

    When the improvident Goring defaulted on his rents Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington was able to purchase the lease of Goring House and he was occupying it when it burned down in 1674, following which he constructed Arlington House on the site—the location of the southern wing of today's palace—the next year. In 1698, John Sheffield, later the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, acquired the lease.


  • Scotland, United Kingdom
    1680
    Libraries

    Innerpeffray Library

    Scotland, United Kingdom
    1680

    Innerpeffray Library was the first lending library in Scotland. It is located in the hamlet of Innerpeffray, by the River Earn in Perth and Kinross, 4 miles (6 kilometres) southeast of Crieff.


  • England
    1686
    April Fools' Day

    "Fooles holy day"

    England
    1686

    In 1686, John Aubrey referred to the celebration as "Fooles holy day", the first British reference.


  • London, England
    Tuesday Apr 1, 1698
    April Fools' Day

    "see the Lions washed"

    London, England
    Tuesday Apr 1, 1698

    On April 1, 1698, several people were tricked into going to the Tower of London to "see the Lions washed".


  • United Kingdom
    18th Century
    Halloween

    The Festival included mumming and guising

    United Kingdom
    18th Century

    From at least the 16th century, the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.


  • United Kingdom
    18th Century
    Halloween

    Imitating Malignant Spirits

    United Kingdom
    18th Century

    From at least the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1703
    Buckingham Palace

    The Design

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1703

    The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings.


  • Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1707
    The palace of Westminster England

    British Parliaments

    Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1707

    After 1707, all British Parliaments have met at the Palace.


  • United Kingdom
    1722
    Plague

    A Journal of the Plague Year

    United Kingdom
    1722

    Daniel Defoe publishes A Journal of the Plague Year, a fictional account of the Great Plague of London in 1665. This novel is often read as non-fiction.


  • Bristol, United Kingdom
    1729
    Chocolate

    The first mechanic cocoa Grinder

    Bristol, United Kingdom
    1729

    1729 - The first mechanic cocoa grinder was invented in Bristol, UK. Walter Churchman petitions king of England for patent and sole use of an invention for the “expeditious, fine and clean making of chocolate by an engine.” The patent was granted by His Majesty King George II to Walter Churchman for a water engine used to make chocolate. Churchman probably used water-powered edge runners for preparing cacao beans by crushing on a far larger scale than previously. The patent for a chocolate refining process was later bought by J. S. Fry & Sons in 1761.


  • Scotland, United Kingdom
    1745
    Halloween

    Halloween

    Scotland, United Kingdom
    1745

    The word Halloween or Hallowe'en dates to about 1745 and is of Christian origin. The word "Hallowe'en" means "Saints' evening". It comes from a Scottish term for All Hallows' Eve (the evening before All Hallows' Day). In Scots, the word "eve" is even, and this is contracted to e'en or een. Over time, (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en evolved into Hallowe'en. Although the phrase "All Hallows'" is found in Old English "All Hallows' Eve" is itself not seen until 1556.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1753
    Libraries

    British Museum

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1753

    The British Museum was established in 1753 and had a library containing over 50,000 books.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1755
    The palace of Westminster England

    The Stone Building

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1755

    Calls for an entirely new palace went unheeded as instead more buildings of varying quality and style were added. A new west façade, known as the Stone Building, facing onto St Margaret's Street was designed by John Vardy built in the Palladian style between 1755 and 1770, providing more space for document storage and committee rooms.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1761
    Buckingham Palace

    Buckingham House was eventually sold

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1761

    Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1762
    Buckingham Palace

    The Queen's House

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1762

    Under the new Crown ownership, the building was originally intended as a private retreat for King George III's wife, Queen Charlotte, and was accordingly known as The Queen's House. Re-modelling of the structure began in 1762.


  • United Kingdom
    1763
    George Washington

    Royal Proclamation of 1763

    United Kingdom
    1763

    Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His disdain for the British military had begun when he was abashedly passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, He and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade.


  • London, United Kingdom
    Monday Apr 23, 1764
    Mozart

    Mozart meets King George III in London

    London, United Kingdom
    Monday Apr 23, 1764

    Mozart, the boy wondered, enchanted anyone who was everyone from noblemen to royalty. Leopold revealed his attention and was also no doubt grateful for the hard cash produced by his offspring. The King presented him with music from Wagenseil, Bach, Abel and Handel and at first sight he played them all. He played the King's own organ so well, that people said that playing his organ was better than playing his piano. He then accompanied the Queen in a poem, and the flute player in a piece of flute and piano.


  • Royal Hospital Chelsea, Chelsea, London SW3 4SR, United Kingdom
    Friday Jun 29, 1764
    Mozart

    Mozart in Ranelagh Gardens

    Royal Hospital Chelsea, Chelsea, London SW3 4SR, United Kingdom
    Friday Jun 29, 1764

    In aid of a newly established maternity hospital, Mozart performed his compositions on the harpsichord and organ at a benefit concert. The entry fee was 5 shillings.


  • London, United Kingdom
    1764
    Mozart

    Mozart meets J. C. Bach

    London, United Kingdom
    1764

    Bach met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1764, who was eight years old at the time and his father had taken him to London. Bach then began to teach Mozart in composition for five months. For keyboard concertos Mozart set three sonatas from Bach's Op. 5.


  • 180 Ebury Street, London, United Kingdom
    Sunday Aug 5, 1764
    Mozart

    Composing his first two symphonies

    180 Ebury Street, London, United Kingdom
    Sunday Aug 5, 1764

    Leopold moved his family to recover from a chill and sore throat caught at an open-air concert at the house of the Earl of Thanet in Grosvenor Square, here on 5 August 1764. A blue plaque commemorates their stay. Mozart wrote his first two symphonies, K16 and K19, to keep himself busy.


  • United Kingdom
    1765
    George Washington

    Act of Oppression

    United Kingdom
    1765

    Washington believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an "Act of Oppression", and he celebrated its repeal the following year.


  • United Kingdom
    Mar, 1766
    George Washington

    Declaratory Act

    United Kingdom
    Mar, 1766

    In March 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Oct, 1775
    George Washington

    King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Oct, 1775

    In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Feb, 1777
    George Washington

    Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Feb, 1777

    In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence.


  • Isleworth, London, England, United Kingdom
    1778
    Mona Lisa

    Isleworth Mona Lisa

    Isleworth, London, England, United Kingdom
    1778

    A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa and also known as the Earlier Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The painting is claimed by a majority of experts to be mostly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century. Other experts, including Zöllner and Kemp, deny the attribution.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1785
    X-ray

    The first to unknowingly produce X-ray

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1785

    The earliest experimenter thought to have (unknowingly) produced X-rays was actuary William Morgan. In 1785 he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube, producing a glow created by X-rays. This work was further explored by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1786
    Robert Fulton

    Fulton traveled to Europe

    England, United Kingdom
    1786

    At the age of 23, Fulton traveled to Europe, where he would live for the next twenty years. He went to England in 1786, carrying several letters of introduction to Americans abroad from prominent individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had already corresponded with artist Benjamin West; their fathers had been close friends. West took Fulton into his home, where Fulton lived for several years and studied painting. Fulton gained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself. He continued to experiment with mechanical inventions.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1791
    Buckingham Palace

    The Name

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1791

    While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name "Buckingham-palace" was used from at least 1791.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1793
    Robert Fulton

    Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels

    England, United Kingdom
    1793

    As early as 1793, Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels to both the United States and British governments. The first steamships had appeared considerably earlier. The earliest steam-powered ship, in which the engine moved oars, was built by Claude de Jouffroy in France. Called Palmipède, it was tested on the Doubs in 1776. In 1783, de Jouffroy built Phyroscaphe, the first paddle steamer, which sailed successfully on the Saône. The first successful trial run of a steamboat in America had been made by inventor John Fitch, on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787. William Symington had successfully tried steamboats in 1788, and it seems probable that Fulton was aware of these developments.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1793
    Robert Fulton

    Canal Mania enthusiastic

    England, United Kingdom
    1793

    Fulton became caught up in the enthusiasm of the "Canal Mania". In 1793 he began developing his ideas for tugboat canals with inclined planes instead of locks.


  • Manchester, United Kingdom
    1794
    Robert Fulton

    Moved to Manchester

    Manchester, United Kingdom
    1794

    In 1794, he moved to Manchester to gain practical knowledge of English canal engineering. While there he became friendly with Robert Owen, a cotton manufacturer and early socialist. Owen agreed to finance the development and promotion of Fulton's designs for inclined planes and earth-digging machines; he was instrumental in introducing the American to a canal company, which awarded him a sub-contract. But Fulton was not successful at this practical effort and he gave up the contract after a short time.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1794
    Robert Fulton

    Steam power of boats

    England, United Kingdom
    1794

    He obtained a patent for this idea in 1794 and also began working on ideas for the steam power of boats. He published a pamphlet about canals and patented the dredging machine and several other inventions.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Nov 19, 1794
    George Washington

    Jay Treaty

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Nov 19, 1794

    Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution. Chief Justice John Jay acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France. Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain, but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1796
    Robert Fulton

    1796 treatise

    England, United Kingdom
    1796

    In Britain, Fulton met the Duke of Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, whose canal, the first to be constructed in the country, was being used for trials of a steam tug. Fulton became very enthusiastic about the canals, and wrote a 1796 treatise on canal construction, suggesting improvements to locks and other features.


  • London, United Kingdom
    1797
    Valentine's Day

    The publishment of The Young Man's Valentine Writer

    London, United Kingdom
    1797

    The sharing of love-notes between sweethearts seems to have been common practice, as it was first published in 1797, The Young Man's Valentine Writer or the High Road to Love; for both Sexes. That included gems of sentimental rhymes.


  • Kendal, England, United Kingdom
    1797
    Libraries

    Economical Library in Kendal

    Kendal, England, United Kingdom
    1797

    The late 18th century saw a rise in subscription libraries intended for the use of tradesmen. In 1797, there was established at Kendal the Economical Library, "designed principally for the use and instruction of the working classes".


  • England, United Kingdom
    1790s
    Robert Fulton

    Boat constructed in the Duke's timber yard

    England, United Kingdom
    1790s

    Working for the Duke of Bridgewater between 1796 and 1799, Fulton had a boat constructed in the Duke's timber yard, under the supervision of Benjamin Powell. After installation of the machinery supplied by the engineers Bateman and Sherratt of Salford, the boat was duly christened Bonaparte in honor of Fulton having served under Napoleon. After expensive trials, because of the configuration of the design, the team feared the paddles might damage the clay lining of the canal and eventually abandoned the experiment. In 1801, Bridgewater instead ordered eight vessels for his canal based on Charlotte Dundas, constructed by Symington.


  • Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
    1798
    Libraries

    Liverpool Subscription library

    Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
    1798

    The Liverpool Subscription library was a gentlemen only library. In 1798, it was renamed the Athenaeum when it was rebuilt with a newsroom and coffeehouse. It had an entrance fee of one guinea and an annual subscription of five shillings. An analysis of the registers for the first twelve years provides glimpses of middle-class reading habits in a mercantile community at this period. The largest and most popular sections of the library were history, antiquities, and geography, with 283 titles and 6,121 borrowings, and belles-lettres, with 238 titles and 3,313 borrowings.


  • United Kingdom
    19th Century
    Halloween

    Young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed

    United Kingdom
    19th Century

    In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.


  • United Kingdom
    19th Century
    Halloween

    Jack-o'-lanterns

    United Kingdom
    19th Century

    Traditionally, pranksters used hollowed out turnips or mangel wurzels often carved with grotesque faces as lanterns. By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits, or were used to ward off evil spirits. They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century, as well as in Somerset. In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.


  • England, United Kingdom
    19th Century
    Halloween

    Teen'lay

    England, United Kingdom
    19th Century

    In the 19th century, in some rural parts of England, families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows' Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him in a circle, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen'lay. Other customs included the tindle fires in Derbyshire and all-night vigil bonfires in Hertfordshire which were lit to pray for the departed.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1801
    The palace of Westminster England

    White Chamber

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1801

    In 1801 the Upper House moved into the larger White Chamber (also known as the Lesser Hall), which had housed the Court of Requests; the expansion of the Peerage by King George III during the 18th century, along with the imminent Act of Union with Ireland, necessitated the move, as the original chamber could not accommodate the increased number of peers.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Thursday Jan 22, 1801
    The palace of Westminster England

    House of Lords of the United Kingdom

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Thursday Jan 22, 1801

    The Chamber of the House of Lords is located in the southern part of the Palace of Westminster. The lavishly decorated room measures 13.7 by 24.4 metres (45 by 80 ft).


  • United Kingdom
    43
    Roman Empire

    Conquest of Britannia

    United Kingdom
    43

    In 43, Claudius resumed the Roman conquest of Britannia that Julius Caesar had begun in the 50s BC, and incorporated more Eastern provinces into the empire.


  • United Kingdom
    119
    Roman Empire

    Major rebellion in Britannia

    United Kingdom
    119

    Prior to Hadrian's arrival in Britannia, the province had suffered a major rebellion, from 119 to 121. Inscriptions tell of an expeditio Britannica that involved major troop movements, including the dispatch of a detachment (vexillatio), comprising some 3,000 soldiers. Fronto writes about military losses in Britannia at the time.


  • United Kingdom
    122
    Roman Empire

    Hadrian had concluded his visit to Britannia

    United Kingdom
    122

    A shrine was erected in York to Britannia as the divine personification of Britain; coins were struck, bearing her image, identified as BRITANNIA. By the end of 122, Hadrian had concluded his visit to Britannia. He never saw the finished wall that bears his name.


  • United Kingdom
    122
    Roman Empire

    Hadrian's Wall

    United Kingdom
    122

    Coin legends of 119–120 attest that Quintus Pompeius Falco was sent to restore order. In 122 Hadrian initiated the construction of a wall, "to separate Romans from barbarians". The idea that the wall was built in order to deal with an actual threat or its resurgence, however, is probable but nevertheless conjectural.


  • Eboracum, Roman Empire (Present-Day in York, England, United Kingdom)
    Monday Feb 4, 211
    Roman Empire

    Septimius Severus died

    Eboracum, Roman Empire (Present-Day in York, England, United Kingdom)
    Monday Feb 4, 211

    Severus is famously said to have given the advice to his sons: "Be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, scorn all others" before he died on 4 February 211. On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta, who were advised by his wife Julia Domna. Severus was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. His remains are now lost.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1016
    The palace of Westminster England

    Old Palace

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1016

    The Palace of Westminster site was strategically important during the Middle Ages, as it was located on the banks of the River Thames. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a royal residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, built a royal palace on Thorney Island just west of the City of London at about the same time as he built Westminster Abbey (1045–1050). Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster (a contraction of the words West Minster). Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive. The oldest existing part of the Palace (Westminster Hall) dates from the reign of William I's successor, King William II.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1097
    The palace of Westminster England

    Westminster Hall erected

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1097

    Westminster Hall, the oldest existing part of the Palace of Westminster, was erected in 1097 by King William II ('William Rufus'), at which point it was the largest hall in Europe.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    13th Century
    The palace of Westminster England

    Painted Chamber

    London, England, United Kingdom
    13th Century

    Because it was originally a royal residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had been originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III.


  • England, U.K.
    13th Century
    Coverture

    Beginning of a Law

    England, U.K.
    13th Century

    The system of feme sole and feme covert developed in England in the High and Late Middle Ages as part of the common law system, which had its origins in the legal reforms of Henry II and other medieval English kings.


  • Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    Tuesday Jan 20, 1265
    The palace of Westminster England

    Simon de Montfort's parliament

    Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    Tuesday Jan 20, 1265

    The Palace of Westminster was the monarch's principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis (Royal Council), met in Westminster Hall (although it followed the King when he moved to other palaces). Simon de Montfort's parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265.


  • Berkhamsted Castle, Hertfordshire, England
    Saturday Apr 2, 1272
    Holy Roman Empire

    Richard's death (Richard of Cornwall)

    Berkhamsted Castle, Hertfordshire, England
    Saturday Apr 2, 1272

    After Richard's death (Richard of Cornwall) in 1272, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor.


  • Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1295
    The palace of Westminster England

    Model Parliament

    Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1295

    The "Model Parliament", the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295.


  • England, U.K.
    1340s
    Coverture

    Darcy's London Custumal

    England, U.K.
    1340s

    The extent of coverture in medieval England has also been qualified by the existence of femme sole customs that existed in some medieval English towns. This granted them independent commercial and legal rights as if they were single. This practice is outlined in Darcy's London custumal of the 1340s, allowing married women working independently of their husband to act as a single woman in all matters concerning her craft, such as renting a shop and suing and being sued for a debt.


  • United Kingdom and Ireland
    1348
    Plague

    The Black Death arrives at Melcombe Regis in the south of England

    United Kingdom and Ireland
    1348

    The Black Death arrives at Melcombe Regis in the south of England. Over the next year, the plague spreads into Wales, Ireland and Northern England. By 1350, the plague reaches Scotland. The estimated death toll for the British Isles and Ireland is calculated at 3.2 million.


  • Londen, United Kingdom
    1382
    Valentine's Day

    Chaucer's poetry about "Valentine's Day"

    Londen, United Kingdom
    1382

    The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in Chaucer’s Parliament of Fowls (1382), a dream vision portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates. Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia.


  • England
    1390s
    April Fools' Day

    Nun's Priest's Tale

    England
    1390s

    In the "Nun's Priest's Tale", a vain cock Chauntecleer is tricked by a fox on Syn March bigan thritty dayes and two. Readers apparently understood this line to mean "32 March", i.e. April 1.


  • England
    1390s
    April Fools' Day

    Nun's Priest's Tale

    England
    1390s

    However, it is not clear that Chaucer was referencing April 1, since the text of the "Nun's Priest's Tale" also states that the story takes place on the day when the sun is in the signe of Taurus had y-runne Twenty degrees and one, which cannot be April 1.


  • England
    1392
    April Fools' Day

    Origins

    England
    1392

    A disputed association between April 1 and foolishness is in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1392).


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1393
    The palace of Westminster England

    The new roof was commissioned

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1393

    The roof Westminster Hall was probably originally supported by pillars, giving three aisles, but during the reign of King Richard II, this was replaced by a hammerbeam roof by the royal carpenter Hugh Herland, "the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture", which allowed the original three aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space, with a dais at the end. The new roof was commissioned in 1393.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    15th Century
    Buckingham Palace

    Manor of Ebury

    London, England, United Kingdom
    15th Century

    In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.


  • Tower of London, London, United Kingdom
    1415
    Valentine's Day

    A Farewell To Love by Charles, the Duke of Orléans

    Tower of London, London, United Kingdom
    1415

    Imprisoned in the Tower of London, the french duke wrote what’s believed to be the earliest Valentine’s Day letter. Intended for his wife, the piece is titled A Farewell To Love.


  • Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    1437
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Birth

    Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    1437

    Elizabeth Woodville was born about 1437, possibly in October, at Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire. She was the firstborn child of a socially unequal marriage between Sir Richard Woodville and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, which briefly scandalised the English court.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1452
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Marriage

    England, United Kingdom
    1452

    In about 1452, Elizabeth Woodville married Sir John Grey of Groby, the heir to the Barony Ferrers of Groby.


  • St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom
    1461
    Elizabeth Woodville

    John was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans

    St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom
    1461

    John was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans in 1461, fighting for the Lancastrian cause.


  • Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    Sunday May 1, 1464
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Edward IV married Elizabeth

    Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
    Sunday May 1, 1464

    Edward IV had many mistresses, the best known of them being Jane Shore, and he did not have a reputation for fidelity. His marriage to the widowed Elizabeth Woodville took place secretly and, though the date is not known, it is traditionally said to have taken place at her family home in Northamptonshire on 1 May 1464.


  • Westminster Abbey, London, England, United Kingdom
    Friday May 26, 1465
    Elizabeth Woodville

    A Queen

    Westminster Abbey, London, England, United Kingdom
    Friday May 26, 1465

    Only the bride's mother and two ladies were in attendance. Edward married her just over three years after he had assumed the English throne in the wake of his overwhelming victory over the Lancastrians, at the Battle of Towton, which resulted in the displacement of King Henry VI. Elizabeth Woodville was crowned queen on 26 May 1465, the Sunday after Ascension Day.


  • United Kingdom
    1460s
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Early years of Edward IV reign

    United Kingdom
    1460s

    In the early years of his reign, Edward IV's governance of England was dependent upon a small circle of supporters, most notably his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. At around the time of Edward IV's secret marriage, Warwick was negotiating an alliance with France in an effort to thwart a similar arrangement being made by his sworn enemy Margaret of Anjou, wife of the deposed Henry VI. The plan was that Edward IV should marry a French princess. When his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, who was both a commoner and from a family of Lancastrian supporters became public, Warwick was both embarrassed and offended, and his relationship with Edward IV never recovered. The match was also badly received by the Privy Council, who according to Jean de Waurin told Edward with great frankness that "he must know that she was no wife for a prince such as himself".


  • United Kingdom
    1460s
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Relatives

    United Kingdom
    1460s

    With the arrival on the scene of the new queen came many relatives, some of whom married into the most notable families in England. Three of her sisters married the sons of the earls of Kent, Essex and Pembroke. Another sister, Catherine Woodville, married the queen's 11-year-old ward Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who later joined Edward IV's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, in opposition to the Woodvilles after the death of Edward IV. Elizabeth's 20-year-old brother John married Katherine, Duchess of Norfolk. The Duchess had been widowed three times and was probably in her sixties, so that the marriage created a scandal at court. Elizabeth's son from her first marriage, Thomas Grey, married Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington.


  • United Kingdom
    Apr, 1483
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Elizabeth Woodville became queen dowager

    United Kingdom
    Apr, 1483

    Following Edward IV's sudden death, possibly from pneumonia, in April 1483, Elizabeth Woodville became queen dowager. Her young son, Edward V, became king, with his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, acting as Lord Protector. In response to the Woodvilles' attempt to monopolise power, Gloucester quickly moved to take control of the young king and had the king's uncle Earl Rivers and half-brother Richard Grey, son to Elizabeth, arrested. The young king was transferred to the Tower of London to await the coronation. With her younger son and daughters, Elizabeth again sought sanctuary. Lord Hastings, the late king's leading supporter in London, initially endorsed Gloucester's actions, but Gloucester then accused him of conspiring with Elizabeth Woodville against him. Hastings was summarily executed. Whether any such conspiracy really occurred is not known.


  • Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Jun 25, 1483
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Execution in Pontefract Castle

    Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Jun 25, 1483

    On 25 June 1483, Gloucester had Elizabeth Woodville's son Richard Grey and brother Anthony, Earl Rivers, executed in Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire. By an act of Parliament, the Titulus Regius (1 Ric. III), it was declared that Edward IV's children with Elizabeth were illegitimate on the grounds that Edward IV had a precontract with the widow Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid. One source, the Burgundian chronicler Philippe de Commines, says that Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried out an engagement ceremony between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor.


  • United Kingdom
    1480s
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Dame Elizabeth Grey

    United Kingdom
    1480s

    Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she, with Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III and now probably seeking the throne for himself) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Stanley (née Beaufort) and espoused the cause of Margaret's son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III, the closest male heir of the Lancastrian claim to the throne with any degree of validity.


  • United Kingdom
    Jan, 1484
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Richard III's first Parliament

    United Kingdom
    Jan, 1484

    Richard III's first Parliament of January 1484 stripped Elizabeth of all the lands given to her during Edward IV's reign.


  • United Kingdom
    Saturday Mar 1, 1484
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Elizabeth and her daughters came out of sanctuary after Richard III publicly swore an oath that her daughters would not be harmed

    United Kingdom
    Saturday Mar 1, 1484

    On 1 March 1484, Elizabeth and her daughters came out of sanctuary after Richard III publicly swore an oath that her daughters would not be harmed or molested and that they would not be imprisoned in the Tower of London or in any other prison. He also promised to provide them with marriage portions and to marry them to "gentlemen born". The family returned to Court, apparently reconciled to Richard III.


  • United Kingdom
    Mar, 1485
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Rumors arose

    United Kingdom
    Mar, 1485

    After the death of Richard III's wife Anne Neville, in March 1485, rumors arose that the newly widowed king was going to marry his beautiful and young niece Elizabeth of York.


  • Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Aug 22, 1485
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Battle of Bosworth Field

    Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Aug 22, 1485

    In 1485, Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As King, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York and had the Titulus Regius revoked and all found copies destroyed. Elizabeth Woodville was accorded the title and honours of a queen dowager.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Feb 12, 1487
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Retired

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Saturday Feb 12, 1487

    Dowager Queen Elizabeth spent the last five years of her life living at Bermondsey Abbey, to which she retired on 12 February 1487.


  • Westminster Palace, London, England, United Kingdom
    Jun, 1491
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Elizabeth was present at the birth of her granddaughter Margaret

    Westminster Palace, London, England, United Kingdom
    Jun, 1491

    At Bermondsey Abbey, Elizabeth was treated with the respect due to a dowager queen. She lived a regal life on a pension of £400 and received small gifts from Henry VII. Elizabeth was present at the birth of her granddaughter Margaret at Westminster Palace in November 1489 and at the birth of her grandson, the future Henry VIII, at Greenwich Palace in June 1491.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jun 8, 1492
    Elizabeth Woodville

    Death

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Jun 8, 1492

    Elizabeth Woodville died at Bermondsey Abbey, on 8 June 1492.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1512
    The palace of Westminster England

    Fire destroyed the royal residential

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1512

    In 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential ("privy") area of the palace.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1531
    Buckingham Palace

    Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1531

    In 1531, Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James, which became St James's Palace, from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1534
    The palace of Westminster England

    Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1534

    In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a powerful minister who had lost the King's favor. Renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various royal law courts.


  • United Kingdom
    1536
    Thanksgiving

    Reducing Church holidays

    United Kingdom
    1536

    In the English tradition, days of thanksgiving and special thanksgiving religious services became important during the English Reformation in the reign of Henry VIII and in reaction to a large number of religious holidays on the Catholic calendar. Before 1536 there were 95 Church holidays, plus 52 Sundays, when people were required to attend church and forego work and sometimes pay for expensive celebrations. The 1536 reforms reduced the number of Church holidays to 27, but some Puritans wished to completely eliminate all Church holidays, including Christmas and Easter. The holidays were to be replaced by specially called Days of Fasting or Days of Thanksgiving, in response to events that the Puritans viewed as acts of special providence. Unexpected disasters or threats of judgment from on high called for Days of Fasting. Special blessings, viewed as coming from God, called for Days of Thanksgiving. For example, Days of Fasting were called on account of drought in 1611, floods in 1613, and plagues in 1604 and 1622. Days of Thanksgiving were called following the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and following the deliverance of Queen Anne in 1705. An unusual annual Day of Thanksgiving began in 1606 following the failure of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and developed into Guy Fawkes Day on November 5.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1547
    The palace of Westminster England

    The House of Commons

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1547

    The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, sometimes held its debates in the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey. The Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephen's Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI. In 1547 the building became available for the Commons' use following the disbanding of St Stephen's College. Alterations were made to St Stephen's Chapel over the following three centuries for the convenience of the lower House, gradually destroying, or covering up, its original mediaeval appearance. A major renovation project undertaken by Christopher Wren in the late 17th century completely redesigned the building's interior.


  • Winchester, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
    1554
    Holy Roman Empire

    Philip II married Queen Mary of England

    Winchester, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
    1554

    Charles V continued to battle the French and the Protestant princes in Germany for much of his reign. After his son Philip II married Queen Mary of England, it appeared that France would be completely surrounded by Habsburg domains, but this hope proved unfounded when the marriage produced no children.


  • Grantham, Lincolnshire, England
    1598
    Libraries

    Francis Trigge Chained Library

    Grantham, Lincolnshire, England
    1598

    The 17th and 18th centuries include what is known as a golden age of libraries; during this some of the more important libraries were founded in Europe. Francis Trigge Chained Library of St. Wulfram's Church, Grantham, Lincolnshire was founded in 1598 by the rector of nearby Welbourne.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    17th Century
    The palace of Westminster England

    Central Lobby

    London, England, United Kingdom
    17th Century

    Continuing north from the Central Lobby is the Commons' Corridor. It is of almost identical design to its southern counterpart and is decorated with scenes of 17th-century political history between the Civil War and the Revolution of 1688. They were painted by Edward Matthew Ward and include subjects like Monk Declaring for a Free Parliament and The Lords and Commons Presenting the Crown to William III and Mary II in the Banqueting Hall. Then, mirroring the arrangement at the Lords part of the Palace, is another antechamber, the Members' Lobby. In this room, Members of Parliament hold discussions or negotiations, and are often interviewed by accredited journalists, collectively known as "The Lobby".


  • London, United Kingdom
    1600s
    Valentine's Day

    Shakespeare mentions Saint Valentine's Day

    London, United Kingdom
    1600s

    Shakespeare mentions Saint Valentine's Day in Ophelia’s lament in Hamlet, where he referred to the superstition that if two single people meet on the morning of Saint Valentine's Day they will likely get married: To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day, All in the morning betime, And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine.


  • Broad Street, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
    1602
    Libraries

    Bodleian Library

    Broad Street, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
    1602

    Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleian Library, which was open to the "whole republic of the learned".


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1605
    The palace of Westminster England

    Failed Gunpowder Plot

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1605

    The failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a conspiracy among a group of Roman Catholic gentry to re-establish Catholicism in England by assassinating the Protestant King James I and replacing him with a Catholic monarch. To this end, they placed large quantities of gunpowder beneath the House of Lords, which one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, would detonate during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605.


  • London, England
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605
    The palace of Westminster England

    The Gunpowder Plot

    London, England
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605

    The medieval House of Lords chamber, which had been the target of the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, was demolished as part of this work in order to create a new Royal Gallery and ceremonial entrance at the southern end of the palace.


  • United Kingdom
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605
    Halloween

    Guy Fawkes Night

    United Kingdom
    Saturday Nov 5, 1605

    The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotland.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Oct 29, 1618
    The palace of Westminster England

    Sir Walter Raleigh was executed

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Monday Oct 29, 1618

    Sir Walter Raleigh was executed at the Palace of Westminster on 29 October 1618.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1624
    Buckingham Palace

    First house erected within the site

    England, United Kingdom
    1624

    Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blake's house and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1640
    Penicillin

    The idea of using mold as a form of medical treatment was recorded by apothecaries

    England, United Kingdom
    1640

    In England in 1640, the idea of using mold as a form of medical treatment was recorded by apothecaries such as John Parkinson, King's Herbarian, who advocated the use of mold in his book on pharmacology.


  • England, France and Netherlands
    2nd Millenium
    Chocolate

    The expansion of the cacao beans Pantation

    England, France and Netherlands
    2nd Millenium

    The new craze for chocolate brought with it a thriving slave market, as between the early 17th and late 19th centuries the laborious and slow processing of the cacao bean was manual. Cacao plantations spread, as the English, Dutch, and French colonized and planted. With the depletion of Mesoamerican workers, largely to disease, cocoa beans production was often the work of poor wage laborers and African slaves.


  • Manchester, England, United Kingdom
    1653
    Libraries

    Chetham's Library (the oldest public library in the English-speaking world)

    Manchester, England, United Kingdom
    1653

    Chetham's Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653.


  • United Kingdom
    1665
    Plague

    Great Plague of London

    United Kingdom
    1665

    Great Plague of London. 100,000 people are killed within 18 months.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1674
    Buckingham Palace

    Henry Bennet constructed Arlington House on the site

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1674

    When the improvident Goring defaulted on his rents Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington was able to purchase the lease of Goring House and he was occupying it when it burned down in 1674, following which he constructed Arlington House on the site—the location of the southern wing of today's palace—the next year. In 1698, John Sheffield, later the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, acquired the lease.


  • Scotland, United Kingdom
    1680
    Libraries

    Innerpeffray Library

    Scotland, United Kingdom
    1680

    Innerpeffray Library was the first lending library in Scotland. It is located in the hamlet of Innerpeffray, by the River Earn in Perth and Kinross, 4 miles (6 kilometres) southeast of Crieff.


  • England
    1686
    April Fools' Day

    "Fooles holy day"

    England
    1686

    In 1686, John Aubrey referred to the celebration as "Fooles holy day", the first British reference.


  • London, England
    Tuesday Apr 1, 1698
    April Fools' Day

    "see the Lions washed"

    London, England
    Tuesday Apr 1, 1698

    On April 1, 1698, several people were tricked into going to the Tower of London to "see the Lions washed".


  • United Kingdom
    18th Century
    Halloween

    The Festival included mumming and guising

    United Kingdom
    18th Century

    From at least the 16th century, the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.


  • United Kingdom
    18th Century
    Halloween

    Imitating Malignant Spirits

    United Kingdom
    18th Century

    From at least the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1703
    Buckingham Palace

    The Design

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1703

    The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings.


  • Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1707
    The palace of Westminster England

    British Parliaments

    Westminster Hall, London, England, United Kingdom
    1707

    After 1707, all British Parliaments have met at the Palace.


  • United Kingdom
    1722
    Plague

    A Journal of the Plague Year

    United Kingdom
    1722

    Daniel Defoe publishes A Journal of the Plague Year, a fictional account of the Great Plague of London in 1665. This novel is often read as non-fiction.


  • Bristol, United Kingdom
    1729
    Chocolate

    The first mechanic cocoa Grinder

    Bristol, United Kingdom
    1729

    1729 - The first mechanic cocoa grinder was invented in Bristol, UK. Walter Churchman petitions king of England for patent and sole use of an invention for the “expeditious, fine and clean making of chocolate by an engine.” The patent was granted by His Majesty King George II to Walter Churchman for a water engine used to make chocolate. Churchman probably used water-powered edge runners for preparing cacao beans by crushing on a far larger scale than previously. The patent for a chocolate refining process was later bought by J. S. Fry & Sons in 1761.


  • Scotland, United Kingdom
    1745
    Halloween

    Halloween

    Scotland, United Kingdom
    1745

    The word Halloween or Hallowe'en dates to about 1745 and is of Christian origin. The word "Hallowe'en" means "Saints' evening". It comes from a Scottish term for All Hallows' Eve (the evening before All Hallows' Day). In Scots, the word "eve" is even, and this is contracted to e'en or een. Over time, (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en evolved into Hallowe'en. Although the phrase "All Hallows'" is found in Old English "All Hallows' Eve" is itself not seen until 1556.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1753
    Libraries

    British Museum

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1753

    The British Museum was established in 1753 and had a library containing over 50,000 books.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1755
    The palace of Westminster England

    The Stone Building

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1755

    Calls for an entirely new palace went unheeded as instead more buildings of varying quality and style were added. A new west façade, known as the Stone Building, facing onto St Margaret's Street was designed by John Vardy built in the Palladian style between 1755 and 1770, providing more space for document storage and committee rooms.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1761
    Buckingham Palace

    Buckingham House was eventually sold

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1761

    Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1762
    Buckingham Palace

    The Queen's House

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1762

    Under the new Crown ownership, the building was originally intended as a private retreat for King George III's wife, Queen Charlotte, and was accordingly known as The Queen's House. Re-modelling of the structure began in 1762.


  • United Kingdom
    1763
    George Washington

    Royal Proclamation of 1763

    United Kingdom
    1763

    Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His disdain for the British military had begun when he was abashedly passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, He and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade.


  • London, United Kingdom
    Monday Apr 23, 1764
    Mozart

    Mozart meets King George III in London

    London, United Kingdom
    Monday Apr 23, 1764

    Mozart, the boy wondered, enchanted anyone who was everyone from noblemen to royalty. Leopold revealed his attention and was also no doubt grateful for the hard cash produced by his offspring. The King presented him with music from Wagenseil, Bach, Abel and Handel and at first sight he played them all. He played the King's own organ so well, that people said that playing his organ was better than playing his piano. He then accompanied the Queen in a poem, and the flute player in a piece of flute and piano.


  • Royal Hospital Chelsea, Chelsea, London SW3 4SR, United Kingdom
    Friday Jun 29, 1764
    Mozart

    Mozart in Ranelagh Gardens

    Royal Hospital Chelsea, Chelsea, London SW3 4SR, United Kingdom
    Friday Jun 29, 1764

    In aid of a newly established maternity hospital, Mozart performed his compositions on the harpsichord and organ at a benefit concert. The entry fee was 5 shillings.


  • London, United Kingdom
    1764
    Mozart

    Mozart meets J. C. Bach

    London, United Kingdom
    1764

    Bach met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1764, who was eight years old at the time and his father had taken him to London. Bach then began to teach Mozart in composition for five months. For keyboard concertos Mozart set three sonatas from Bach's Op. 5.


  • 180 Ebury Street, London, United Kingdom
    Sunday Aug 5, 1764
    Mozart

    Composing his first two symphonies

    180 Ebury Street, London, United Kingdom
    Sunday Aug 5, 1764

    Leopold moved his family to recover from a chill and sore throat caught at an open-air concert at the house of the Earl of Thanet in Grosvenor Square, here on 5 August 1764. A blue plaque commemorates their stay. Mozart wrote his first two symphonies, K16 and K19, to keep himself busy.


  • United Kingdom
    1765
    George Washington

    Act of Oppression

    United Kingdom
    1765

    Washington believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an "Act of Oppression", and he celebrated its repeal the following year.


  • United Kingdom
    Mar, 1766
    George Washington

    Declaratory Act

    United Kingdom
    Mar, 1766

    In March 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Oct, 1775
    George Washington

    King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Oct, 1775

    In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Feb, 1777
    George Washington

    Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Feb, 1777

    In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence.


  • Isleworth, London, England, United Kingdom
    1778
    Mona Lisa

    Isleworth Mona Lisa

    Isleworth, London, England, United Kingdom
    1778

    A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa and also known as the Earlier Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. The painting is claimed by a majority of experts to be mostly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century. Other experts, including Zöllner and Kemp, deny the attribution.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1785
    X-ray

    The first to unknowingly produce X-ray

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1785

    The earliest experimenter thought to have (unknowingly) produced X-rays was actuary William Morgan. In 1785 he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube, producing a glow created by X-rays. This work was further explored by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1786
    Robert Fulton

    Fulton traveled to Europe

    England, United Kingdom
    1786

    At the age of 23, Fulton traveled to Europe, where he would live for the next twenty years. He went to England in 1786, carrying several letters of introduction to Americans abroad from prominent individuals he had met in Philadelphia. He had already corresponded with artist Benjamin West; their fathers had been close friends. West took Fulton into his home, where Fulton lived for several years and studied painting. Fulton gained many commissions painting portraits and landscapes, which allowed him to support himself. He continued to experiment with mechanical inventions.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1791
    Buckingham Palace

    The Name

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1791

    While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name "Buckingham-palace" was used from at least 1791.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1793
    Robert Fulton

    Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels

    England, United Kingdom
    1793

    As early as 1793, Fulton proposed plans for steam-powered vessels to both the United States and British governments. The first steamships had appeared considerably earlier. The earliest steam-powered ship, in which the engine moved oars, was built by Claude de Jouffroy in France. Called Palmipède, it was tested on the Doubs in 1776. In 1783, de Jouffroy built Phyroscaphe, the first paddle steamer, which sailed successfully on the Saône. The first successful trial run of a steamboat in America had been made by inventor John Fitch, on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787. William Symington had successfully tried steamboats in 1788, and it seems probable that Fulton was aware of these developments.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1793
    Robert Fulton

    Canal Mania enthusiastic

    England, United Kingdom
    1793

    Fulton became caught up in the enthusiasm of the "Canal Mania". In 1793 he began developing his ideas for tugboat canals with inclined planes instead of locks.


  • Manchester, United Kingdom
    1794
    Robert Fulton

    Moved to Manchester

    Manchester, United Kingdom
    1794

    In 1794, he moved to Manchester to gain practical knowledge of English canal engineering. While there he became friendly with Robert Owen, a cotton manufacturer and early socialist. Owen agreed to finance the development and promotion of Fulton's designs for inclined planes and earth-digging machines; he was instrumental in introducing the American to a canal company, which awarded him a sub-contract. But Fulton was not successful at this practical effort and he gave up the contract after a short time.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1794
    Robert Fulton

    Steam power of boats

    England, United Kingdom
    1794

    He obtained a patent for this idea in 1794 and also began working on ideas for the steam power of boats. He published a pamphlet about canals and patented the dredging machine and several other inventions.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Nov 19, 1794
    George Washington

    Jay Treaty

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Wednesday Nov 19, 1794

    Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution. Chief Justice John Jay acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France. Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain, but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain.


  • England, United Kingdom
    1796
    Robert Fulton

    1796 treatise

    England, United Kingdom
    1796

    In Britain, Fulton met the Duke of Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, whose canal, the first to be constructed in the country, was being used for trials of a steam tug. Fulton became very enthusiastic about the canals, and wrote a 1796 treatise on canal construction, suggesting improvements to locks and other features.


  • London, United Kingdom
    1797
    Valentine's Day

    The publishment of The Young Man's Valentine Writer

    London, United Kingdom
    1797

    The sharing of love-notes between sweethearts seems to have been common practice, as it was first published in 1797, The Young Man's Valentine Writer or the High Road to Love; for both Sexes. That included gems of sentimental rhymes.


  • Kendal, England, United Kingdom
    1797
    Libraries

    Economical Library in Kendal

    Kendal, England, United Kingdom
    1797

    The late 18th century saw a rise in subscription libraries intended for the use of tradesmen. In 1797, there was established at Kendal the Economical Library, "designed principally for the use and instruction of the working classes".


  • England, United Kingdom
    1790s
    Robert Fulton

    Boat constructed in the Duke's timber yard

    England, United Kingdom
    1790s

    Working for the Duke of Bridgewater between 1796 and 1799, Fulton had a boat constructed in the Duke's timber yard, under the supervision of Benjamin Powell. After installation of the machinery supplied by the engineers Bateman and Sherratt of Salford, the boat was duly christened Bonaparte in honor of Fulton having served under Napoleon. After expensive trials, because of the configuration of the design, the team feared the paddles might damage the clay lining of the canal and eventually abandoned the experiment. In 1801, Bridgewater instead ordered eight vessels for his canal based on Charlotte Dundas, constructed by Symington.


  • Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
    1798
    Libraries

    Liverpool Subscription library

    Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
    1798

    The Liverpool Subscription library was a gentlemen only library. In 1798, it was renamed the Athenaeum when it was rebuilt with a newsroom and coffeehouse. It had an entrance fee of one guinea and an annual subscription of five shillings. An analysis of the registers for the first twelve years provides glimpses of middle-class reading habits in a mercantile community at this period. The largest and most popular sections of the library were history, antiquities, and geography, with 283 titles and 6,121 borrowings, and belles-lettres, with 238 titles and 3,313 borrowings.


  • United Kingdom
    19th Century
    Halloween

    Young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed

    United Kingdom
    19th Century

    In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.


  • United Kingdom
    19th Century
    Halloween

    Jack-o'-lanterns

    United Kingdom
    19th Century

    Traditionally, pranksters used hollowed out turnips or mangel wurzels often carved with grotesque faces as lanterns. By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits, or were used to ward off evil spirits. They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century, as well as in Somerset. In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.


  • England, United Kingdom
    19th Century
    Halloween

    Teen'lay

    England, United Kingdom
    19th Century

    In the 19th century, in some rural parts of England, families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows' Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him in a circle, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen'lay. Other customs included the tindle fires in Derbyshire and all-night vigil bonfires in Hertfordshire which were lit to pray for the departed.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    1801
    The palace of Westminster England

    White Chamber

    London, England, United Kingdom
    1801

    In 1801 the Upper House moved into the larger White Chamber (also known as the Lesser Hall), which had housed the Court of Requests; the expansion of the Peerage by King George III during the 18th century, along with the imminent Act of Union with Ireland, necessitated the move, as the original chamber could not accommodate the increased number of peers.


  • London, England, United Kingdom
    Thursday Jan 22, 1801
    The palace of Westminster England

    House of Lords of the United Kingdom

    London, England, United Kingdom
    Thursday Jan 22, 1801

    The Chamber of the House of Lords is located in the southern part of the Palace of Westminster. The lavishly decorated room measures 13.7 by 24.4 metres (45 by 80 ft).


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