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  • Syria
    1st Century
    Arameans

    Bible was translated into Aramaic

    Syria
    1st Century

    Between the 1st and the 3rd centuries AD, ancient Arameans adopted Christianity, thus replacing the old polytheistic Aramean religion. In the same tame, Christian Bible was translated into Aramaic.




  • Emesa (Present-Day Homs, Syria)
    Jun, 218
    Roman Empire

    Elagabalus was proclaimed emperor

    Emesa (Present-Day Homs, Syria)
    Jun, 218

    Elagabalus was proclaimed emperor by the troops of Emesa, his hometown, who were instigated to do so by Elagabalus's grandmother, Julia Maesa. She spread a rumor that Elagabalus was the secret son of Caracalla.




  • Barbalissos, Syria (Present-Day Qalʿat al-Bālis, Syria)
    252
    Roman Empire

    Battle of Barbalissos

    Barbalissos, Syria (Present-Day Qalʿat al-Bālis, Syria)
    252

    Gallus ordered his troops to attack the Persians, but Persian Emperor Shapur I invaded Armenia and destroyed a large Roman army, taking it by surprise at Barbalissos in 252.




  • Palmyra (Present-Day Tadmur, Homs Governorate, Syria)
    272
    Roman Empire

    Fall of Palmyra

    Palmyra (Present-Day Tadmur, Homs Governorate, Syria)
    272

    Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire. Eventually, Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk on the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects. After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper Firmus, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered. More honors came his way; he was now known as Parthicus Maximus and Restitutor Orientis ("Restorer of the East").




  • Callinicum, Syria, Byzantine Empire
    530
    Justinian I

    Defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius

    Callinicum, Syria, Byzantine Empire
    530

    In 530 the Persian forces suffered a double defeat at Dara and Satala, but the next year saw the defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius near Callinicum.




  • Byzantine Empire (now Syria)
    Sunday Nov 29, 533
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    533 Aleppo Earthquake

    Byzantine Empire (now Syria)
    Sunday Nov 29, 533

    533 Aleppo earthquake occurred on November 29, 533 in Byzantine Empire (now Syria), there were an estimated 130,000 deaths.




  • Syria
    7th Century
    Arameans

    Christian Arameans assembled around local ecclesiastical institutions

    Syria
    7th Century

    Since the Arab conquest of the Near East in the 7th century, the remaining communities of Christian Arameans converged around local ecclesiastical institutions, that were by that time already divided along denominational lines.


  • Syria
    636
    Byzantine Empire

    Battle of Yarmouk

    Syria
    636

    The Byzantines suffered a crushing defeat by the Arabs at the Battle of Yarmouk in 636.


  • Syria
    8th Century
    Arameans

    Arameans under Arab rule

    Syria
    8th Century

    Since the Arab conquest of the Near East in the 7th century, the remaining communities of Christian Arameans converged around local ecclesiastical institutions, that were by that time already divided along denominational lines.


  • Syria and Palestine
    8th Century
    Crusades

    The period of Islamic Arab territorial expansion

    Syria and Palestine
    8th Century

    The period of Islamic Arab territorial expansion had been over since the 8th century. Syria and Palestine's remoteness from the focus of Islamic power struggles enabled relative peace and prosperity.


  • Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria)
    Sunday Sep 18, 844
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    844 Damascus Earthquake

    Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria)
    Sunday Sep 18, 844

    844 Damascus earthquake occurred on September 18, 844, in Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria), there were an estimated 50,000 deaths.


  • Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria)
    847
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    847 Damascus Earthquake

    Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria)
    847

    847 Damascus earthquake occurred in 847, in Abbasid Caliphate (now Syria), there were an estimated 70,000 deaths.


  • Tartus, Syria
    31st Century BC
    Arameans

    Amrit was Aramean city

    Tartus, Syria
    31st Century BC

    Amrit was a Phoenician port located near present-day Tartus in Syria. Founded in the third millennium BC, Marat was the northernmost important city of ancient Phoenicia and a rival of nearby Arwad.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    962
    Byzantine Empire

    Nikephoros took Aleppo

    Aleppo, Syria
    962

    Nikephoros II Phokas took the great city of Aleppo in 962.


  • Syria
    970s
    Byzantine Empire

    John I Tzimiskes recaptured Damascus, Beirut, Acre, Sidon, Caesarea, and Tiberias

    Syria
    970s

    John I Tzimiskes recaptured Damascus, Beirut, Acre, Sidon, Caesarea, and Tiberias, putting Byzantine armies within striking distance of Jerusalem, although the Muslim power centers in Iraq and Egypt were left untouched.


  • Zengid dynasty (now Syria)
    Tuesday Oct 11, 1138
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    1138 Aleppo Earthquake

    Zengid dynasty (now Syria)
    Tuesday Oct 11, 1138

    The 1138 Aleppo earthquake was among the deadliest earthquakes in history. Its name was taken from the city of Aleppo, in northern Syria, where the most casualties were sustained. The quake occurred on 11 October 1138 and was preceded by a smaller quake on the 10th. However, the figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of 30 September 1139 in the Transcaucasian city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.


  • Damascus, Syria
    Wednesday Jul 28, 1148
    Crusades

    Siege of Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    Wednesday Jul 28, 1148

    Bad luck and poor tactics led to the disastrous five-day siege of Damascus from 24 to 28 July 1148.


  • Zengid dynasty (now Syria)
    1169
    Disasters with highest death tolls

    1169 Aleppo Earthquake

    Zengid dynasty (now Syria)
    1169

    1169 Aleppo earthquake occurred in 1169, in Zengid dynasty (now Syria), there were an estimated 80,000 deaths.


  • Syria
    1254
    Crusades

    Louis IX of France remained in Syria

    Syria
    1254

    Louis IX of France remained in Syria until 1254 to consolidate the Crusader states.


  • Syria
    1281
    Mamluks

    The Ilkhanids took advantage of the disarray of Baibars' succession

    Syria
    1281

    The Ilkhanids took advantage of the disarray of Baibars' succession by raiding Mamluk Syria, before launching a massive offensive against Syria in the autumn of 1281.


  • Damascus, Syria
    1374
    Mamluks

    The Armenian Orthodox Church in Mamluk Sultanate era

    Damascus, Syria
    1374

    The Mamluks brought about a similar decline of the Armenian Orthodox Church after their capture of the Armenian Cilician Kingdom in 1374.


  • Syria
    1412
    Mamluks

    The Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Faraj regained control of Syria

    Syria
    1412

    The Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Faraj regained control of Syria. Frequently facing rebellions by local emirs, he was forced to abdicate in 1412.


  • Syria
    Thursday Aug 24, 1516
    Mamluks

    Syria passed into Ottoman possession

    Syria
    Thursday Aug 24, 1516

    On 24 August 1516, at the Battle of Marj Dabiq, al-Ghawri was killed. Syria passed into Ottoman possession, and the Ottomans were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamluks.


  • Idlib, Syria
    2300 BC
    Arameans

    The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic

    Idlib, Syria
    2300 BC

    The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic speaking kingdom of Ebla listing geographical names, and the term Armi, which is the Eblaite term for nearby Idlib, occurs frequently in the Ebla tablets (c. 2300 BCE).


  • Tell Mardikh, Idlib, Syria
    2300 BC
    Arameans

    The first time appeared of Arameans

    Tell Mardikh, Idlib, Syria
    2300 BC

    The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic speaking kingdom of Ebla listing geographical names, and the term Armi, which is the Eblaite term for nearby Idlib, occurs frequently in the Ebla tablets (c. 2300 BCE).


  • Al-Hasakah, Syria
    2250 BC
    Arameans

    The annals of Naram-Sin of Akkad

    Al-Hasakah, Syria
    2250 BC

    One of the annals of Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2250 BCE) mentions that he captured "Dubul, the ensí of A-ra-me", in the course of a campaign against Simurrum in the northern mountains.


  • Syria and Galilee
    1799
    Napoleon

    Napoleon moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus

    Syria and Galilee
    1799

    In early 1799, Napoleon moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa.


  • Homs, Syria
    Friday Jul 8, 1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim defeated Ottoman army at Homs

    Homs, Syria
    Friday Jul 8, 1831

    He defeated the Ottoman army at Homs.


  • Syria
    1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim was sent to conquer Syria

    Syria
    1831

    In 1831, his father's quarrel with the Porte having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer Syria.


  • Damascus, Syria
    1831
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    Ibrahim Pasha occupied Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    1831

    Ibrahim occupied Damascus.


  • Damascus, Syria
    1830s
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    After Convention of Kütahya

    Damascus, Syria
    1830s

    After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria.


  • Damascus, Syria
    1830s
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    The Syrian Peasant Revolt

    Damascus, Syria
    1830s

    The Syrian Peasant Revolt was an armed uprising of Levantine peasant classes against the rule of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1834–35.


  • Damascus, Syria
    Feb, 1841
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    The United Kingdom and the Austrian Empire intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire

    Damascus, Syria
    Feb, 1841

    But the United Kingdom and the Austrian Empire intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Their squadrons cut his communications by the sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February 1841.


  • Damascus, Syria
    1840s
    Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

    The Karakis were to take their revenge from Ibrahim Pasha

    Damascus, Syria
    1840s

    The Karakis were to take their revenge from Ibrahim Pasha, 6 years later when the Pasha and his Egyptian army were driven out of Damascus.


  • Syria
    1937
    League of Nations

    Syria was given autonomy

    Syria
    1937

    The Sanjak of Alexandretta in the French Mandate of Syria was given autonomy in 1937.


  • Syria and Lebanon
    Sunday Jun 8, 1941
    World War II

    Syria–Lebanon campaign

    Syria and Lebanon
    Sunday Jun 8, 1941

    Between June and July, United Kingdom invaded and occupied the French possessions Syria and Lebanon (8 June – 14 July 1941), with the assistance of the Free French.


  • Damascus, Syria
    Sunday May 20, 1945
    Charles de Gaulle

    French artillery and warplanes fired on demonstrators in Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    Sunday May 20, 1945

    On 20 May, French artillery and warplanes fired on demonstrators in Damascus. After several days, upwards of 800 Syrians lay dead.


  • Damascus, Syria
    Thursday May 31, 1945
    Charles de Gaulle

    Churchill told de Gaulle "immediately to order French troops to the ceasefire"

    Damascus, Syria
    Thursday May 31, 1945

    On 31 May, Churchill told de Gaulle "immediately to order French troops to cease fire and withdraw to their barracks". British forces moved in and forced the French to withdraw from the city; they were then escorted and confined to barracks.


  • Syria
    Apr, 1982
    Iran–Iraq War

    Closing The Kirkuk-Baniyas Pipeline

    Syria
    Apr, 1982

    In April 1982, the rival Ba'athist regime in Syria, one of the few nations that supported Iran, closed the Kirkuk-Baniyas pipeline that had allowed Iraqi oil to reach tankers on the Mediterranean, reducing the Iraqi budget by $ 5 billion per month. But Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the other Gulf states saved Iraq from bankruptcy.


  • Syria
    Jun, 1982
    Iran–Iraq War

    State of Iraqi Air Forces

    Syria
    Jun, 1982

    A defector who flew his MiG-21 to Syria in June 1982 revealed that the Iraqi Air Force had only three squadrons of fighter-bombers left that were capable of mounting offensive operations into Iran. The Iraqi Army Air Corps was in slightly better shape, and could still operate more than 70 helicopters.


  • Syria
    Nov, 1983
    Gulf War

    Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal

    Syria
    Nov, 1983

    When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties.


  • Syria
    2008
    Qasem Soleimani

    Soleimani looking into the death of Imad Mughniyah

    Syria
    2008

    In 2008, he led a group of Iranian investigators looking into the death of Imad Mughniyah.


  • Syria
    Wednesday May 18, 2011
    Qasem Soleimani

    Soleimani was sanctioned again

    Syria
    Wednesday May 18, 2011

    On 18 May 2011, he was sanctioned again by the U.S. along with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and other senior Syrian officials due to his alleged involvement in providing material support to the Syrian government.


  • Syria
    Aug, 2012
    Qasem Soleimani

    Syrian Civil War

    Syria
    Aug, 2012

    According to several sources, including Riad Hijab, a former Syrian premier who defected in August 2012, Soleimani was one of the staunchest supporters of the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad in the Syrian Civil War.


  • Qusayr, Syria
    May, 2013
    Qasem Soleimani

    Retaking of Qusayr

    Qusayr, Syria
    May, 2013

    The retaking of Qusayr in May 2013 from rebel forces and Al-Nusra Front was, according to John Maguire, a former CIA officer in Iraq, "orchestrated" by Soleimani.


  • Syria
    2015
    Qasem Soleimani

    The Main Architect

    Syria
    2015

    In 2015, Soleimani began gathering support from various sources to combat the newly resurgent ISIL and rebel groups which had both successfully taken large swaths of territory from Assad's forces. He was reportedly the main architect of the joint intervention involving Russia as a new partner with Assad and Hezbollah.


  • Syria
    Wednesday Sep 30, 2015
    Vladimir Putin

    The War in Syria

    Syria
    Wednesday Sep 30, 2015

    On 30 September 2015, President Putin authorized Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, following a formal request by the Syrian government for military help against rebel and jihadist groups.


  • Syria
    Feb, 2016
    Qasem Soleimani

    Offensive in Aleppo Governorate's northern countryside

    Syria
    Feb, 2016

    In early February 2016, backed by Russian and Syrian air force airstrikes, the 4th Mechanized Division – in close coordination with Hezbollah, the National Defense Forces (NDF), Kata'eb Hezbollah, and Harakat Al-Nujaba – launched an offensive in Aleppo Governorate's northern countryside, which eventually broke the three-year siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa and cut off the rebels' main supply route from Turkey. According to a senior, non-Syrian security source close to Damascus, Iranian fighters played a crucial role in the conflict. "Qassem Soleimani is there in the same area", he said. In December 2016, new photos emerged of Soleimani at the Citadel of Aleppo, though the exact date of the photos is unknown.


  • Hama, Syria
    Mar, 2017
    Qasem Soleimani

    Soleimani was seen in the northern Hama Governorate countryside in Syria

    Hama, Syria
    Mar, 2017

    In late March 2017, Soleimani was seen in the northern Hama Governorate countryside in Syria, reportedly aiding Major General Suheil al-Hassan to repel a major rebel offensive.


  • Syria
    Apr, 2017
    Donald Trump

    Trump ordered a missile strike against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack

    Syria
    Apr, 2017

    In April 2017, Trump ordered a missile strike against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. According to investigative journalist Bob Woodward, Trump had ordered his defense secretary James Mattis to assassinate Syrian president Bashar al-Assad after the chemical attack, but Mattis declined; Trump denied doing so.


  • Syria
    Apr, 2018
    Donald Trump

    Missile strikes

    Syria
    Apr, 2018

    In April 2018, he announced missile strikes against Assad's regime, following a suspected chemical attack near Damascus.


  • Syria
    Monday Jan 13, 2020
    Qasem Soleimani

    The Champion of the Syrian Arab Republic

    Syria
    Monday Jan 13, 2020

    On 13 January 2020, Syrian Minister of Defense, Ali Abdullah Ayyoub, presented the medal of "The Champion of the Syrian Arab Republic", which President Bashar Al-Assad granted posthumously to Qassem Soleimani, to his Iranian counterpart, Amir Hatami.


  • Mesopotamia (Present-Day Iraq)
    1808 BC
    Assyria

    Shamshi-Adad I "foreign Amorite usurper by later Assyrian tradition"

    Mesopotamia (Present-Day Iraq)
    1808 BC

    Shamshi-Adad I (1808–1776 BC) was already the ruler of Terqa, and although he claimed Assyrian ancestry as a descendant of Ushpia, he is regarded as a foreign Amorite usurper by later Assyrian tradition. However, he greatly expanded the Old Assyrian Empire, incorporating the northern half of Mesopotamia, swathes of eastern and southern Anatolia, and much of the Levant into his large empire, and campaigned as far west as the eastern shores of the Mediterranean.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    1620s BC
    Hittites

    Hattusili I captured Aleppo

    Aleppo, Syria
    1620s BC

    The founding of the Hittite Kingdom is attributed to either Labarna I or Hattusili I (the latter might also have had Labarna as a personal name), who conquered the area south and north of Hattusa. Hattusili I campaigned as far as the Semitic Amorite kingdom of Yamkhad in Syria, where he attacked, but did not capture, its capital of Aleppo. Hattusili I did eventually capture Hattusa and was credited for the foundation of the Hittite Empire.


  • Iraq and Syria
    1595 BC
    Hittites

    Mursili I captured Mari and Babylonia

    Iraq and Syria
    1595 BC

    On Hattusili I's deathbed, he chose his grandson, Mursili I (or Murshilish I), as his heir. In 1595 BC, Mursili I conducted a great raid down the Euphrates River, bypassing Assyria, and captured Mari and Babylonia, ejecting the Amorite founders of the Babylonian state in the process. However, internal dissension forced a withdrawal of troops to the Hittite homelands.


  • Syria
    1360s BC
    Arameans

    Arameans gained independence

    Syria
    1360s BC

    The Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BCE), which had dominated the Near East and Asia Minor since the first half of the 14th century BCE, began to shrink rapidly after the death of Ashur-bel-kala, its last great ruler in 1056 BCE, and the Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of what was then Eber-Nari (and is today Syria) during the late 11th century BCE.


  • Kadesh, Syria
    1274 BC
    Ancient Egypt

    Battle of Kadesh

    Kadesh, Syria
    1274 BC

    The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took place between the forces of the New Kingdom of Egypt under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Lebanon–Syria border. The battle is generally dated to 1274 BC from the Egyptian chronology and is the earliest battle in recorded history for which details of tactics and formations are known. It is believed to have been the largest chariot battle ever fought, involving between 5,000 and 6,000 chariots in total. Ramesses signed the earliest recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub's successor, Hattusili III, and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second Sed Festival.


  • Present-Day in Syria
    1274 BC
    Hittites

    Battle of Kadesh

    Present-Day in Syria
    1274 BC

    Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the Cilician gates with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh Ramesses II. The outcome of the battle is uncertain, though it seems that the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements prevented total Hittite victory. The Egyptians forced the Hittites to take refuge in the fortress of Kadesh, but their own losses prevented them from sustaining a siege. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramesses (c. 1274 BC by the most commonly used chronology).


  • Syria
    1200 BC
    Arameans

    The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the Bronze Age collapse

    Syria
    1200 BC

    The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BCE), which saw great upheavals and mass movements of peoples across the Middle East, Asia Minor, The Caucasus, East Mediterranean, North Africa, Ancient Iran, Ancient Greece, and Balkans, leading to the genesis of new peoples and polities across these regions.


  • Damascus, Syria
    13th Century BC
    Arameans

    The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    13th Century BC

    The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus was an Aramean state around Damascus in Syria, from the late 12th century BC to 732 BC.


  • Al-Hasakah, Syria
    1200s BC
    Arameans

    Bit Baḫiani was an independent Aramean city

    Al-Hasakah, Syria
    1200s BC

    Bit Baḫiani was an independent Aramean city-state kingdom (c. 1200 – 808 BC) with its capital at Guzana (modern day Tell Halaf).


  • Syria
    13th Century BC
    Arameans

    Aramean states

    Syria
    13th Century BC

    By the late 12th century BCE, the Arameans were firmly established in Syria; however, they were conquered by the Middle Assyrian Empire, as had been the Amorites and Ahlamu before them.


  • Syria and Galilee
    1178 BC
    Ancient Egypt

    Battle of Djahy

    Syria and Galilee
    1178 BC

    Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples who intended to invade and conquer Egypt. The conflict occurred somewhere on the Egyptian Empire's easternmost frontier in Djahy or modern-day southern Lebanon, in the eighth year of pharaoh Ramesses III or about c. 1178 BC.


  • Syria
    1115 BC
    Arameans

    The first certain reference to the Arameans

    Syria
    1115 BC

    The first certain reference to the Arameans appears in an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 BCE), which refers to subjugating the "Ahlamû-Arameans" (Ahlame Armaia). Shortly after, the Ahlamû disappear from Assyrian annals, to be replaced by the Arameans (Aramu, Arimi).


  • Hama, Syria
    12th Century BC
    Arameans

    King Tou was a king of Hamath

    Hama, Syria
    12th Century BC

    King Tou was the king of Hamath, an ancient city located in Syria.


  • Syria
    11th Century BC
    Arameans

    The Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of what was then Eber-Nari

    Syria
    11th Century BC

    The Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BCE), which had dominated the Near East and Asia Minor since the first half of the 14th century BCE, began to shrink rapidly after the death of Ashur-bel-kala, its last great ruler in 1056 BCE, and the Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of what was then Eber-Nari (and is today Syria) during the late 11th century BCE. It is from this point that the region was called Aramea.


  • Syria
    11th Century BC
    Arameans

    The Aramaeans concentrated in Northern Syria

    Syria
    11th Century BC

    "Northern Syria had been the homeland of the Aramaeans since the late second millennium B.C. Syriac-speaking people were the descendants of these Aramaeans.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    11th Century BC
    Arameans

    Bit Adini was one of the largest of the Aramaic kingdoms

    Aleppo, Syria
    11th Century BC

    Bit Adini, a city or region of Syria, called sometimes Bit Adini in Assyrian sources, was an Aramaean state that existed as an independent kingdom during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, with its capital at Til Barsib (now Tell Ahmar).


  • Hama, Syria
    11th Century BC
    Arameans

    Tabrimmon was an Aramaean king

    Hama, Syria
    11th Century BC

    Tabrimmon was an Aramaean king, but there is little known about him. According to the Bible, he is the son of Hezion and the father of Ben-Hadad I.


  • Syria
    11th Century BC
    Arameans

    The Aramaic language

    Syria
    11th Century BC

    The Aramaic language was adopted as the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE, and the native Assyrians and Babylonians began to make a gradual language shift towards Aramaic as the most common language of public life and administration.


  • Al-Hasakah, Syria
    950s BC
    Arameans

    Kapara was an Aramean king

    Al-Hasakah, Syria
    950s BC

    King Kapara was an Aramean king of Bit Bahiani, one of the Post-Hittite states, centered in Guzana (modern Tell Halaf, in northeastern Syria).


  • Syria
    10th Century BC
    Arameans

    Byzantine Empire gadually reconquered much of northern Syria

    Syria
    10th Century BC

    During the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire gradually reconquered much of northern Syria.


  • Syria
    911 BC
    Arameans

    The Aramean kingdoms was subjugated by the Neo Assyrian Empire

    Syria
    911 BC

    The Aramean kingdoms, like much of the Near East and Asia Minor, were subjugated by the Neo Assyrian Empire (911–605 BCE).


  • Hama, Syria
    10th Century BC
    Arameans

    Irhuleni was King of Hamath

    Hama, Syria
    10th Century BC

    Irhuleni was King of Hamath. He led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus.


  • Syria
    10th Century BC
    Arameans

    Old Aramaic

    Syria
    10th Century BC

    Old Aramaic refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, known from the Aramaic inscriptions discovered since the 19th century.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    10th Century BC
    Arameans

    Arpad was capital of the Aramaean state of Bit Agusi

    Aleppo, Syria
    10th Century BC

    Arpad was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite city located in north-western Syria, north of Aleppo. It became the capital of the Aramaean state of Bit Agusi established by Gusi of Yakhan in the 9th century BC.


  • Syria
    880s BC
    Arameans

    Ben-Hadad I was a king of Aram

    Syria
    880s BC

    Ben-Hadad I, son of Tabrimmon and grandson of Hezion, was king of Aram-Damascus between 885 BC and 865 BC.


  • Syria
    880s BC
    Arameans

    Tabrimmon was a king of Aram

    Syria
    880s BC

    Tabrimmon, also as Tabrimon, also as Tabremon in Douay–Rheims, was an Aramaean king, but there is little known about him.


  • Syria and State of Israel, State of Palestine and Jordan
    870s BC
    Arameans

    The Israelite–Aramean War

    Syria and State of Israel, State of Palestine and Jordan
    870s BC

    The Israelite–Aramean War was an armed conflict between the Israelites and the Arameans and Amorites that took place in the Levantine regions of Aram and Bashan. It is generally considered to have taken place around the year 874 BCE.


  • Syria
    865 BC
    Arameans

    Bar-Hadad II was a king of Aram

    Syria
    865 BC

    Bar-Hadad II was the king of Aram Damascus between 865 and 842 BC.


  • Qarqar, Hama, Syria
    853 BC
    Arameans

    Battle of Qarqar

    Qarqar, Hama, Syria
    853 BC

    The Battle of Qarqar was fought in 853 BCE when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II of Aram-Damascus; and Ahab, king of Israel.


  • Syria
    850s BC
    Arameans

    The old Aramaic period

    Syria
    850s BC

    The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in the Ancient Near East.


  • Syria
    842 BC
    Arameans

    Hazael was an Aramean king

    Syria
    842 BC

    Hazael was an Aramean king who is mentioned in the Bible. Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of Syria and the Land of Israel.


  • Syria
    830 BC
    Arameans

    Atarshumki I was a king of Aram

    Syria
    830 BC

    Atarshumki I was the King of Bit Agusi in ancient Syria; he was the son of Arames.


  • Damascus, Syria
    9th Century BC
    Arameans

    Rezin was the last king of Aram of Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    9th Century BC

    King Rezin of Aram ruled from Damascus during the 8th century BC. During his reign, he was a tributary of King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria. He was the last king of Aram of Damascus.


  • Syria
    9th Century BC
    Arameans

    Hadad was a king of Aram

    Syria
    9th Century BC

    The "Hadad Statue" is an 8th-century BC stele of King Panamuwa I, from the Kingdom of Bit-Gabbari in Sam'al. It currently occupies a prominent position in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.


  • Hama, Syria
    785 BC
    Arameans

    Zakkur was the ancient king of Hamath

    Hama, Syria
    785 BC

    Zakkur was the ancient king of Hamath and Luhuti (also known as Nuhašše) in Syria. He ruled around 785 BC.


  • Syria
    773 BC
    Arameans

    Hezion was a king of Aram

    Syria
    773 BC

    Hezion was a king of Aram Damascus according to the genealogy given in the Books of Kings (1 Kings 15:18).


  • Syria
    769 BC
    Arameans

    Bar-Hadad III was a king of Aram

    Syria
    769 BC

    Bar-Hadad III was king of Aram Damascus, the son, and successor of Hazael. His succession is mentioned in 2 Kings (13:3, 13:24).


  • Syria
    754 BC
    Arameans

    King Rezin of Aram

    Syria
    754 BC

    King Rezin of Aram ruled from Damascus during the 8th century BC. During his reign, he was a tributary of King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    740 BC
    Arameans

    Tiglath-pileser III occupied Arpad

    Aleppo, Syria
    740 BC

    The Assyrian king, Tiglath-pileser III, occupied Arpad (currently Tel Rifaat), the center of the Aramaic resistance in northern Syria in 740 BC.


  • Damascus, Syria
    732 BC
    Arameans

    Tiglath-Pileser III occupied Damascus

    Damascus, Syria
    732 BC

    Tiglath-Pileser III occupied the Kingdom of Damascus in 732 BC.


  • Damascus, Syria
    732 BC
    Arameans

    Aram-Damascus fell and was conquered by the Assyrian

    Damascus, Syria
    732 BC

    In 732 BCE Aram-Damascus fell and was conquered by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. The Assyrians named their Aramean colonies Eber Nari, whilst still using the term Aramean to describe many of its peoples.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    8th Century BC
    Arameans

    Atarshumki I was the King of Bit Agusi

    Aleppo, Syria
    8th Century BC

    Atarshumki I was the King of Bit Agusi in ancient Syria; he was the son of Arames. The capital of Bit Agusi was Arpad.


  • Aleppo, Syria
    8th Century BC
    Arameans

    The Neirab steles

    Aleppo, Syria
    8th Century BC

    The Neirab steles, a pair of 7th century BCE Aramaic inscriptions found in 1891 in Al-Nayrab near Aleppo, Syria.


  • Syria
    7th Century BC
    Arameans

    The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the Egyptian 26th Dynasty

    Syria
    7th Century BC

    The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the Egyptian 26th Dynasty, which had been installed by the Assyrians as vassals after they had conquered Egypt, ejected the previous Nubian dynasty, and destroyed the Kushite Empire.


  • Syria and Iraq
    612 BC
    Arameans

    Arameans under Neo-Babylonian rule

    Syria and Iraq
    612 BC

    Aramea/Eber-Nari was then ruled by the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire (612–539 BCE), initially headed by a short-lived Chaldean dynasty. The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the Egyptian 26th Dynasty, which had been installed by the Assyrians as vassals after they had conquered Egypt, ejected the previous Nubian dynasty, and destroyed the Kushite Empire.


  • Syria
    600s BC
    Arameans

    Aramaic is a Semitic language

    Syria
    600s BC

    Aramaic is a Semitic language that originated among the Arameans in the ancient region of Syria.


  • Hama
    605 BC
    Ancient Egypt

    Battle of Hamath

    Hama
    605 BC

    The Battle of Hamath, sometimes called the Battle of Hama, was a battle between the Babylonians and the fleeing remnants of the Egyptian army defeated at Carchemish. It was fought near the ancient city Hamath on the Orontes.


  • Hama (Present-Day Syria)
    605 BC
    Babylon

    Battle of Hamath

    Hama (Present-Day Syria)
    605 BC

    The Battle of Hamath, sometimes called the Battle of Hama, was a battle between the Babylonians and the fleeing remnants of the Egyptian army defeated at Carchemish. It was fought near the ancient city Hamath on the Orontes.


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