1Bible was translated into Aramaic
Between the 1st and the 3rd centuries AD, ancient Arameans adopted Christianity, thus replacing the old polytheistic Aramean religion. In the same tame, Christian Bible was translated into Aramaic.
2Christian Arameans assembled around local ecclesiastical institutions
Since the Arab conquest of the Near East in the 7th century, the remaining communities of Christian Arameans converged around local ecclesiastical institutions, that were by that time already divided along denominational lines.
3Arameans under Arab rule
Since the Arab conquest of the Near East in the 7th century, the remaining communities of Christian Arameans converged around local ecclesiastical institutions, that were by that time already divided along denominational lines.
4Amrit was Aramean city
Amrit was a Phoenician port located near present-day Tartus in Syria. Founded in the third millennium BC, Marat was the northernmost important city of ancient Phoenicia and a rival of nearby Arwad.
5Arameans under Turkish rule
Aramean pushed back by the newly arrived Seljuk Turks, who took Antioch (1084). Later establishment of Crusader states (1098), the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa, created new challenges for local Aramaic-speaking Christians, both Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox.
6The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic
The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic speaking kingdom of Ebla listing geographical names, and the term Armi, which is the Eblaite term for nearby Idlib, occurs frequently in the Ebla tablets (c. 2300 BCE).
7The first time appeared of Arameans
The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic speaking kingdom of Ebla listing geographical names, and the term Armi, which is the Eblaite term for nearby Idlib, occurs frequently in the Ebla tablets (c. 2300 BCE).
8The annals of Naram-Sin of Akkad
One of the annals of Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2250 BCE) mentions that he captured "Dubul, the ensí of A-ra-me", in the course of a campaign against Simurrum in the northern mountains.
9Naram-Sin of Akkad
One of the annals of Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2250 BCE) mentions that he captured "Dubul, the ensí of A-ra-me", in the course of a campaign against Simurrum in the northern mountains.
10The first known Aramaic inscription
The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela, found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time.
11Arameans gained independence
The Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BCE), which had dominated the Near East and Asia Minor since the first half of the 14th century BCE, began to shrink rapidly after the death of Ashur-bel-kala, its last great ruler in 1056 BCE, and the Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of what was then Eber-Nari (and is today Syria) during the late 11th century BCE.
12The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the Bronze Age collapse
The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BCE), which saw great upheavals and mass movements of peoples across the Middle East, Asia Minor, The Caucasus, East Mediterranean, North Africa, Ancient Iran, Ancient Greece, and Balkans, leading to the genesis of new peoples and polities across these regions.
13The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus was an Aramean state around Damascus in Syria, from the late 12th century BC to 732 BC.
14Bit Baḫiani was an independent Aramean city
Bit Baḫiani was an independent Aramean city-state kingdom (c. 1200 – 808 BC) with its capital at Guzana (modern day Tell Halaf).
15Aramean states
By the late 12th century BCE, the Arameans were firmly established in Syria; however, they were conquered by the Middle Assyrian Empire, as had been the Amorites and Ahlamu before them.
16The first certain reference to the Arameans
The first certain reference to the Arameans appears in an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 BCE), which refers to subjugating the "Ahlamû-Arameans" (Ahlame Armaia). Shortly after, the Ahlamû disappear from Assyrian annals, to be replaced by the Arameans (Aramu, Arimi).
17The Arameans conquered Sam'al
The Arameans conquered Sam'al, also known as Yaudi, the region from Arpad to Aleppo, which they renamed Bît-Agushi, and Til Barsip, which became the chief town of Bît-Adini, also known as Beth Eden. North of Sam'al was the Aramean state of Bit-Gabbari, which was sandwiched between the Post-Hittite states of Carchemish, Gurgum, Khattina, Unqi, and the state of Tabal.
18King Tou was a king of Hamath
King Tou was the king of Hamath, an ancient city located in Syria.
19Arameans conquered Sam'al
During the 11th and the 10th centuries BCE, the Arameans conquered Sam'al (modern Zenjirli), also known as Yaudi, the region from Arpad to Aleppo.
20The Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of what was then Eber-Nari
The Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BCE), which had dominated the Near East and Asia Minor since the first half of the 14th century BCE, began to shrink rapidly after the death of Ashur-bel-kala, its last great ruler in 1056 BCE, and the Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of what was then Eber-Nari (and is today Syria) during the late 11th century BCE. It is from this point that the region was called Aramea.
21The Aramaeans concentrated in Northern Syria
"Northern Syria had been the homeland of the Aramaeans since the late second millennium B.C. Syriac-speaking people were the descendants of these Aramaeans.
22The rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Assyrian annals from the end of the Middle Assyrian Empire c. 1050 BCE and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 911 BCE contain numerous descriptions of battles between Arameans and the Assyrian army.
23Bit Adini was one of the largest of the Aramaic kingdoms
Bit Adini, a city or region of Syria, called sometimes Bit Adini in Assyrian sources, was an Aramaean state that existed as an independent kingdom during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, with its capital at Til Barsib (now Tell Ahmar).
24Tabrimmon was an Aramaean king
Tabrimmon was an Aramaean king, but there is little known about him. According to the Bible, he is the son of Hezion and the father of Ben-Hadad I.
25The Aramaic language
The Aramaic language was adopted as the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE, and the native Assyrians and Babylonians began to make a gradual language shift towards Aramaic as the most common language of public life and administration.
26Kapara was an Aramean king
King Kapara was an Aramean king of Bit Bahiani, one of the Post-Hittite states, centered in Guzana (modern Tell Halaf, in northeastern Syria).
27Byzantine Empire gadually reconquered much of northern Syria
During the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire gradually reconquered much of northern Syria.
28The Aramean kingdoms was subjugated by the Neo Assyrian Empire
The Aramean kingdoms, like much of the Near East and Asia Minor, were subjugated by the Neo Assyrian Empire (911–605 BCE).
29The Kilamuwa Stele
The Kilamuwa Stele is a 9th-century BC stele of King Kilamuwa, from the Kingdom of Bit-Gabbari. He claims to have succeeded where his ancestors had failed, in providing for his kingdom. The inscription is known as KAI 24.
30Irhuleni was King of Hamath
Irhuleni was King of Hamath. He led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus.
31Old Aramaic
Old Aramaic refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, known from the Aramaic inscriptions discovered since the 19th century.
32Arpad was capital of the Aramaean state of Bit Agusi
Arpad was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite city located in north-western Syria, north of Aleppo. It became the capital of the Aramaean state of Bit Agusi established by Gusi of Yakhan in the 9th century BC.
33Ben-Hadad I was a king of Aram
Ben-Hadad I, son of Tabrimmon and grandson of Hezion, was king of Aram-Damascus between 885 BC and 865 BC.
34Tabrimmon was a king of Aram
Tabrimmon, also as Tabrimon, also as Tabremon in Douay–Rheims, was an Aramaean king, but there is little known about him.
35The Israelite–Aramean War
The Israelite–Aramean War was an armed conflict between the Israelites and the Arameans and Amorites that took place in the Levantine regions of Aram and Bashan. It is generally considered to have taken place around the year 874 BCE.
36Bar-Hadad II was a king of Aram
Bar-Hadad II was the king of Aram Damascus between 865 and 842 BC.
37Battle of Qarqar
The Battle of Qarqar was fought in 853 BCE when the army of the Neo-Assyrian Empire led by Emperor Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar led by Hadadezer, called in Assyrian Adad-idir and possibly to be identified with King Benhadad II of Aram-Damascus; and Ahab, king of Israel.
38The old Aramaic period
The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in the Ancient Near East.
39Hazael was an Aramean king
Hazael was an Aramean king who is mentioned in the Bible. Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of Syria and the Land of Israel.
40Atarshumki I was a king of Aram
Atarshumki I was the King of Bit Agusi in ancient Syria; he was the son of Arames.
41Rezin was the last king of Aram of Damascus
King Rezin of Aram ruled from Damascus during the 8th century BC. During his reign, he was a tributary of King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria. He was the last king of Aram of Damascus.
42Hadad was a king of Aram
The "Hadad Statue" is an 8th-century BC stele of King Panamuwa I, from the Kingdom of Bit-Gabbari in Sam'al. It currently occupies a prominent position in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.
43Zakkur was the ancient king of Hamath
Zakkur was the ancient king of Hamath and Luhuti (also known as Nuhašše) in Syria. He ruled around 785 BC.
44Hezion was a king of Aram
Hezion was a king of Aram Damascus according to the genealogy given in the Books of Kings (1 Kings 15:18).
45Bar-Hadad III was a king of Aram
Bar-Hadad III was king of Aram Damascus, the son, and successor of Hazael. His succession is mentioned in 2 Kings (13:3, 13:24).
46King Rezin of Aram
King Rezin of Aram ruled from Damascus during the 8th century BC. During his reign, he was a tributary of King Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria.
47Tiglath-Pileser III was a king of Assyria
Tiglath-Pileser III was a prominent king of Assyria in the eighth century BCE (ruled 745–727 BCE) who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
48Tiglath-pileser III occupied Arpad
The Assyrian king, Tiglath-pileser III, occupied Arpad (currently Tel Rifaat), the center of the Aramaic resistance in northern Syria in 740 BC.
49Tiglath-Pileser III occupied Samaria
Tiglath-Pileser III also overthrew the Kingdom of Samaria in 734 BC.
50Tiglath-Pileser III occupied Damascus
Tiglath-Pileser III occupied the Kingdom of Damascus in 732 BC.
51Aram-Damascus fell and was conquered by the Assyrian
In 732 BCE Aram-Damascus fell and was conquered by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. The Assyrians named their Aramean colonies Eber Nari, whilst still using the term Aramean to describe many of its peoples.
52Atarshumki I was the King of Bit Agusi
Atarshumki I was the King of Bit Agusi in ancient Syria; he was the son of Arames. The capital of Bit Agusi was Arpad.
53The Neirab steles
The Neirab steles, a pair of 7th century BCE Aramaic inscriptions found in 1891 in Al-Nayrab near Aleppo, Syria.
54The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the Egyptian 26th Dynasty
The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the Egyptian 26th Dynasty, which had been installed by the Assyrians as vassals after they had conquered Egypt, ejected the previous Nubian dynasty, and destroyed the Kushite Empire.
55The Neo Assyrian Empire was descended
The Neo Assyrian Empire descended into a bitter series of brutal internal wars from 626 BCE, weakening it greatly.
56Arameans under Neo-Babylonian rule
Aramea/Eber-Nari was then ruled by the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire (612–539 BCE), initially headed by a short-lived Chaldean dynasty. The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the Egyptian 26th Dynasty, which had been installed by the Assyrians as vassals after they had conquered Egypt, ejected the previous Nubian dynasty, and destroyed the Kushite Empire.
57Aramaic is a Semitic language
Aramaic is a Semitic language that originated among the Arameans in the ancient region of Syria.
58Arameans under Achaemenid rule
The Arameans were later conquered by the Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BCE). However, little changed from the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian times, as the Persians, seeing themselves as successors of previous empires, maintained Imperial Aramaic language as the main language of public life and administration.
59The Babylonians masters of the Aramean lands
The Babylonians remained masters of the Aramean lands only until 539 BCE.
60The Arameans was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire
The Arameans were later conquered by the Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BCE).
61The Babylonians remained masters of the Aramean lands
The Babylonians remained masters of the Aramean lands only until 539 BCE when the Persian Achaemenid Empire overthrew Nabonidus, the Assyrian born last king of Babylon.
62Arameans under Syrianization and Arabization
The first process (Syrianization) was initiated during the 5th century, when the ancient Greek custom of using Syrian labels for Arameans and their language, started to gain acceptance among Aramean literary and ecclesiastical elites.
63Story of Ahikar
The Story of Aḥiqar, also known as the Words of Aḥiqar, is a story first attested in Imperial Aramaic from the fifth century BCE on papyri from Elephantine, that circulated widely in the Middle and Near East. It has been characterized as "one of the earliest 'international books' of world literature".
64Arameans under Seleucid and Ptolemaic rule
Conquests of Alexander the Great (336-323 BCE) marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the entire Near East, including regions inhabited by Arameans.
65Coele-Syria was a region of Syria in classical antiquity
Coele-Syria was a region of Syria in classical antiquity. It probably derived from the Aramaic word for all of the regions of Syria, but it was most often applied to the Beqaa Valley between Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges.
66The conquests of Alexander the Great and their impact on the Armenians
The conquests of Alexander the Great marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the entire Near East, including regions inhabited by Arameans.
67Two newly created Hellenistic states emerged as main pretenders for regional supremacy
By the end of the 4th century BCE, two newly created Hellenistic states emerged as main pretenders for regional supremacy: the Seleucid Empire (305–64 BCE), and the Ptolemaic Empire (305–30 BCE).
68Rome had started annexing Etruscan cities
In the 4th Century BC, Rome had started annexing Etruscan cities. This led to the loss of the northern Etruscan provinces. During the Roman–Etruscan Wars, Etruria was conquered by Rome in the 3rd century BC.
69Arameans under Roman and Parthian rule
After the establishment of Roman rule in the region of Syria proper (western of Euphrates) during the 1st century BCE, Aramean lands became the frontier region between two empires, Roman and Parthian, and later between their successor states, Byzantine and Sasanid empires. Several minor states also existed in frontier regions, the most notable of them being the Kingdom of Osroene, centered in the city of Edessa, known in the Aramaic language as Urhay.
70The establishment of Roman rule in the region of Syria
After the establishment of Roman rule in the region of Syria proper (western of Euphrates) during the 1st century BCE, Aramean lands became the frontier region between two empires, Roman and Parthian.