1Ptolemy IV Philopator was the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy IV Philopator was the fourth pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 221 to 204 BC.
2Alexander III of Macedon
Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
3Alexander the Great invaded Egypt
In 332 BC, Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, invaded Egypt, which at the time was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire known as the Thirty-first Dynasty under Emperor Artaxerxes III.
4Alexander's death
Following Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, a succession crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon.
5Alexandria was founded in 331 BC
A major Mediterranean port of Egypt, in ancient times and still today, Alexandria was founded in 331 BC by Alexander the Great.
6Alexander founded Alexandria
Alexander founded a new Greek city, Alexandria and Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart and led his forces away to Phoenicia. He left Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. Alexander never returned to Egypt.
7Alexandria became the capital
Alexandria became the capital of the Hellenized Egypt of King Ptolemy I (reigned 323–283 BC).
8Library of Alexandria is a most Milestones Culture of Ptolemaic
Ptolemy I, perhaps with advice from Demetrius of Phalerum, founded the Library of Alexandria.
9Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy
Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to be satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy ruled Egypt from 323 BC, nominally in the name of the joint kings Philip III and Alexander IV.
10Wars of the Diadochi
Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt by consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322–301 BC).
11Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt
Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt against an invasion by Perdiccas in 321 BC.
12Ptolemy occupied Corinth
Ptolemy occupied Corinth and other parts of Greece, although he lost Cyprus after a naval battle in 306 BC.
13Serapis a new god
Ptolemy I Soter made himself king of Egypt, he created a new god, Serapis, to garner support from both Greeks and Egyptians.
14Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy I Soter, was a Greek general, historian, and companion of Alexander the Great of the Kingdom of Macedon in northern Greece who became ruler of Egypt, part of Alexander's former empire. Ptolemy was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 305/304 BC.
15Ptolemy took the title of King
In 305 BC, Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter ("Saviour"), he founded the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for nearly 300 years.
16Ptolemaic art
Ptolemaic art was produced during the reign of the Ptolemaic Rulers (304–30 BC) and was concentrated primarily within the bounds of the Ptolemaic Empire.
17Ptolemy retook Cyprus
Thereafter Ptolemy tried to stay out of land wars, but he retook Cyprus in 295 BC.
18Ptolemy shared rule ith his son Ptolemy II
Feeling the kingdom was now secure, Ptolemy shared rule with his son Ptolemy II by Queen Berenice in 285 BC.
19Ptolemy II Philadelphus was a peaceful and cultured pharaoh
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who succeeded his father as the pharaoh of Egypt in 283 BC, was a peaceful and cultured pharaoh, though unlike his father was no great warrior.
20Literary golden period
During Alexandria's brief literary golden period, c. 280–240 BC, the Library subsidized three poets—Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Theocritus—whose work now represents the best of Hellenistic literature.
21Gold coin
Gold coin with the visage of Arsinoe II wearing divine diadem.
22Ptolemy II defeated the Kingdom of Kush
In the 270s BC, Ptolemy II defeated the Kingdom of Kush in war, gaining the Ptolemies free access to Kushite territory and control of important gold deposits south of Egypt known as Dodekasoinos.
23Military force of Ptolemaic army
Ptolemaic control or influence over Cyrenaica, Coele-Syria, and Cyprus, as well as over cities in Anatolia, southern Thrace, the Aegean islands, and Crete.
24The Third Syrian War
Ptolemy III Euergetes abandoned his predecessors' policy of keeping out of the wars of the other Macedonian successor kingdoms and plunged into the Third Syrian War (246–241 BC) with the Seleucid Empire of Syria.
25Ptolemy III Euergetes was the third pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy III Euergetes was the third pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from 246 to 222 BC.
26Ptolemy III had introduced an important innovation
Ptolemy III had introduced an important innovation in 238 BC by holding a synod of all the priests of Egypt at Canopus.
27Egyptian nationalism reached a peak in the reign of Ptolemy IV
Egyptian nationalism reached a peak in the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–205 BC), when a succession of native self-proclaimed "Pharoah" gained control over one district.
28The decline of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
In 221 BC, Ptolemy III died and was succeeded by his son Ptolemy IV Philopator, a weak king whose rule precipitated the decline of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
29Ptolemy IV continued hold celebrations of the Fourth Syrian War
Ptolemy IV continued this tradition by holding his own synod at Memphis in 217 BC, after the victory celebrations of the Fourth Syrian War.
30The result of this synod
The result of this synod was the Raphia Decree, issued on 15 November 217 BC and preserved in three copies.
31Hugronaphor proclaimed himself Pharoah
Misrule by the Pharoah in Alexandria led to a nearly successful revolt, led by a priest named Hugronaphor. He proclaimed himself Pharoah in 205 BC.
32Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistos was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistos was the King of Ptolemaic Egypt from July or August 204 BC until his death in 180 BC.
33Philip seized several islands
Philip seized several islands and places in Caria and Thrace, while the battle of Panium in 200 BC transferred Coele-Syria from Ptolemaic to Seleucid control.
34Ankhmakis forces nearly drove the Ptolomys
Ankhmakis forces nearly drove the Ptolomys out of the country. The revolutionary dynasty was finally defeated in 185.
35Ptolemy VI Philometor was a king of Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy VI Philometor was a king of Ptolemaic Egypt who reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC.
36Cleopatra II was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt
Cleopatra II was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who ruled from 175 to 116 BC.
37Antiochus IV Epiphanes invaded Egypt
In 170 BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes invaded Egypt and captured Philometor, installing him at Memphis as a puppet king.
38The Statuette of Arsinoe II
The Statuette of Arsinoe II has created c. 150–100 BC, well after her death, as a part of her own specific posthumous cult which was started by her husband Ptolemy II.
39Philometor was killed
Philometor was killed in the Battle of Antioch.
40Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. He was the younger son of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I Syra. His reign was characterized by fierce political and military conflict with his older brother Ptolemy VI Philometor and his sister Cleopatra II.
41Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator was king of the Ptolemaic period
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopatorwas an Egyptian king of the Ptolemaic period. His reign is controversial, and it is possible that he did not reign at all, but was only granted royal dignity posthumously.
42Cleopatra III was a queen of Egypt
Cleopatra III was the queen of Egypt. She ruled at first with her mother Cleopatra II and husband Ptolemy VIII from 142 to 131 BC.
43Gymnasium of the local in the Ptolemaic era
Far up the Nile at Ombi a gymnasium of the local Greeks was found in 136–135 BC, which passed resolutions and corresponded with the king.
44After Ptolemy VIII death
Ptolemy VIII soon proved himself a cruel tyrant. On his death, in 116 BC he left the kingdom to his wife Cleopatra III and her son Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II.
45Ptolemy IX Soter II was twice King of Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy IX Soter II was twice King of Ptolemaic Egypt. He was the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III.
46Ptolemy IX driven out by his mother
The young king was driven out by his mother in 107 BC, who reigned jointly with Euergetes's youngest son Ptolemy X Alexander I.
47PtolAlexander II of Egypt was Pharaoh of Egypt
PtolAlexander II of Egypt was Pharaoh of Egypt from 107 BC till his death in 88 BC.
48Ptolemy IX again returned to the throne
In 88 BC Ptolemy IX again returned to the throne and retained it until his death in 80 BC.
49Berenice III was also known as Cleopatra
Berenice III was also known as Cleopatra, lived between 91 and 88 BC. Modern scholars studying Berenice III refer to her sometimes as Cleopatra Berenice.
50Alexander III ruled Egypt for a few days
Alexander III of Egypt, ruling as Ptolemy XI, was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Egypt for a few days in 80 BC.
51Auletes was driven out by the Alexandrian mob
In 58 BC Auletes was driven out by the Alexandrian mob, but the Romans restored him to power three years later.
52Cleopatra VI Tryphaena was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who ruled alongside Berenice IV, who was either her sister or daughter.
53Cleopatra II was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena or Cleopatra Tryphaena II was a queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who ruled alongside Berenice IV, who was either her sister or daughter.
54Cleopatra VII Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
Cleopatra VII Philopator 69 BC – 10 August 30 BC was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and its last active ruler.
55Julius Caesar left Rome for Alexandria
Julius Caesar left Rome for Alexandria in 48 BC in order to quell the looming civil war, as the war in Egypt, which was one of Rome's greatest suppliers of grain and other expensive goods, would have had a detrimental effect on trade with Rome, especially on Rome's working-class citizens.
56Cleopatra and Caesarion left Alexandria
In 45 BC, Cleopatra and Caesarion left Alexandria for Rome, where they stayed in a palace built by Caesar in their honor.
57Rome split between supporters of Mark Antony and Octavian
In 44 BC, Caesar was murdered in Rome by several Senators. With his death, Rome split between supporters of Mark Antony and Octavian.
58Ptolemy XV Caesar was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt
Ptolemy XV Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 12 August 30 BC.